front 1 An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by | back 1 positioning the arm above the heart level. |
front 2 Mitral stenosis is associated with | back 2 a pressure gradient across the mitral valve. |
front 3 Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high blood pressure? | back 3 Sodium |
front 4 A loud pansystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla is most likely a result of | back 4 mitral regurgitation. |
front 5 An example of an acyanotic heart defect is | back 5 ventricular septal defect. |
front 6 Pulse pressure is defined as | back 6 systolic pressure – diastolic pressure. |
front 7 A patient with a history of myocardial infarction continues to complain of intermittent chest pain brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. The likely cause of this pain is | back 7 stable angina. |
front 8 Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypotension in a person with a supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100? | back 8 Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118 |
front 9 Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used crystalloid solutions that contain electrolytes. | back 9 True |
front 10 High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases | back 10 afterload. |
front 11 A patient with significant aortic stenosis is likely to experience | back 11 syncope. |
front 12 New-organ damage is a function of both the stage of hypertension and its duration. | back 12 False |
front 13 Hypotension, distended neck veins, and muffled heart sounds are classic manifestations of | back 13 cardiac tamponade. |
front 14 The ingestion of certain drugs, foods, or chemicals can lead to secondary hypertension. | back 14 True |
front 15 A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The patient’s symptomology is most likely related to | back 15 hypotension. |
front 16 Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of | back 16 β-hemolytic streptococcal infection. |
front 17 Hypertension is closely linked to | back 17 obstructive sleep apnea. |
front 18 While hospitalized, an elderly patient with a history of myocardial infarction was noted to have high levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). What is the significance of this finding? | back 18 Increased LDL levels are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. |
front 19 Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called _____ angina. | back 19 Prinzmetal variant |
front 20 An elderly patient’s blood pressure is measured at 160/98. How would the patient’s left ventricular function be affected by this level of blood pressure? | back 20 Left ventricular workload is increased with high afterload. |
front 21 In which dysrhythmias should treatment be instituted immediately? | back 21 Atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 220 beats/minute |
front 22 Tachycardia is an early sign of low cardiac output that occurs because of | back 22 baroreceptor activity. |
front 23 The common denominator in all forms of heart failure is | back 23 reduced cardiac output. |
front 24 Sepsis has been recently redefined as | back 24 a systemic inflammatory response to infection. |
front 25 Cor pulmonale refers to | back 25 right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to pulmonary hypertension. |
front 26 Low cardiac output to the kidneys stimulates the release of _____ from juxtaglomerular cells. | back 26 renin |
front 27 Administration of a vasodilator to a patient in shock would be expected to | back 27 decrease left ventricular afterload. |
front 28 A patient with cold and edematous extremities, low cardiac output, and profound hypotension is likely to be experiencing a progressive stage of ________ shock. | back 28 septic |
front 29 A patient is diagnosed with heart failure with normal ejection fraction. This patient is most likely characterized by a(n) | back 29 elderly woman without a previous history of MI. |
front 30 Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock? | back 30 Septic |
front 31 An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of | back 31 premature ventricular complexes. |
front 32 A patient who was involved in a fall from a tree becomes short of breath. The lung sounds are absent on one side. This patient is experiencing ________ shock. | back 32 obstructive |
front 33 In which stage of shock is a patient who has lost 1200 mL of blood, who has normal blood pressure when supine, but who experiences orthostatic hypotension upon standing? | back 33 Class II, Compensated Stage |
front 34 A patient with heart failure who reports intermittent shortness of breath during the night is experiencing | back 34 paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea |
front 35 After sitting in a chair for an hour, an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of | back 35 right-sided heart failure. |
front 36 Low cardiac output in association with high preload is characteristic of ________ shock. | back 36 cardiogenic |
front 37 Cardiogenic shock is characterized by | back 37 reduced cardiac output. |
front 38 A patient presenting with fever, hypotension, and lactic acidosis is most likely to be experiencing what type of shock?You Answered | back 38 Septic |
front 39 First-degree heart block is characterized by | back 39 prolonged PR interval. |
front 40 The progressive stage of hypovolemic shock is characterized by | back 40 tachycardia. |
front 41 What results when systemic blood pressure is increased? | back 41 Vasoconstriction |
front 42 Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI) is directed at | back 42 decreasing myocardial oxygen demands. |
front 43 Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _____ hypertension. | back 43 secondary |
front 44 The majority of cardiac cells that die after myocardial infarction do so because of | back 44 apoptosis. |
front 45 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the | back 45 conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. |
front 46 The prevalence of high blood pressure is higher in | back 46 non-Hispanic black adults. |
front 47 Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n) | back 47 communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. |
front 48 High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases | back 48 afterload. |
front 49 Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs that are adjusted according to their _____ pressure. | back 49 mean arterial |
front 50 A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of 162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie diet. At the office visit today, the patient’s blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg. What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time? | back 50 Begin antihypertensive drug therapy. |
front 51 Aortic regurgitation is associated with | back 51 diastolic murmur. |
front 52 In contrast to all other types of shock, the hyperdynamic phase of septic shock is associated with | back 52 high cardiac output. |
front 53 Which dysrhythmia is thought to be associated with reentrant mechanisms? | back 53 Preexcitation syndrome tachycardia (Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome) |
front 54 The majority of tachydysrhythmias are believed to occur because of | back 54 reentry mechanisms. |
front 55 Hypotension associated with neurogenic and anaphylactic shock is because of | back 55 peripheral pooling of blood. |
front 56 A patient who reports dizziness and who has absent P waves, wide QRS complexes, and a heart rate of 38 beats/minute on an ECG is most likely in which rhythm? | back 56 Ventricular escape rhythm |
front 57 An abnormally wide (more than 0.10 second) QRS complex is characteristic of | back 57 premature ventricular complexes. |
front 58 A laboratory test that should be routinely monitored in patients receiving digitalis therapy is | back 58 serum potassium. |
front 59 A type of shock that includes brain trauma that results in depression of the vasomotor center is cardiogenic. | back 59 False |
front 60 The therapy that most directly improves cardiac contractility in a patient with systolic heart failure is | back 60 digitalis. |
front 61 The majority of cases of anaphylactic shock occur when a sensitized individual comes in contact with | back 61 antibiotics. |
front 62 Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock? | back 62 anaphylactic |
front 63 What compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stroke volume? | back 63 Tachycardia |
front 64 Lactated Ringer solution and normal saline are commonly used crystalloid solutions that contain electrolytes. | back 64 True |
front 65 Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with | back 65 antiplatelet drugs. |
front 66 Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria? | back 66 128/82 |
front 67 Myocarditis should be suspected in a patient who presents with | back 67 acute onset of left ventricular dysfunction. |
front 68 Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to | back 68 rupture. |
front 69 The effect of nitric oxide on systemic arterioles is | back 69 vasodilation. |
front 70 Left-sided heart failure is characterized byCorrect Answer | back 70 pulmonary congestion. |
front 71 Chronic elevation of myocardial wall tension results in atrophy. | back 71 False |
front 72 A patient is diagnosed with cardiogenic shock. The patient is hyperventilating and is therefore at risk for the respiratory complication of respiratory acidosis.You Answered | back 72 False |
front 73 Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a serious complication of septic shock characterized by abnormal clot formation in the microvasculature throughout the body. | back 73 True |
front 74 Improvement in a patient with septic shock is indicated by an increase in | back 74 systemic vascular resistance. |
front 75 A patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit | back 75 pulmonary congestion with dyspnea. |
front 76 A patient is exhibiting severe dyspnea and anxiety. The patient also has bubbly crackles in all lung fields with pink, frothy sputum. This patient is most likely experiencing | back 76 acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. |
front 77 Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of | back 77 nitric oxide. |
front 78 After being diagnosed with hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The patient reports “moderate” adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time? | back 78 Continue lifestyle modifications only. |
front 79 Constrictive pericarditis is associated with | back 79 impaired cardiac filling. |
front 80 Which serum biomarker(s) are indicative of irreversible damage to myocardial cells? | back 80 Elevated CK-MB, troponin I, and troponin T |
front 81 Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n) | back 81 communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. |
front 82 The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (MI) isYou Answered | back 82 ST-segment elevation. |
front 83 Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock? | back 83 Crystalloids |
front 84 Second-degree heart block type I (Wenckebach) is characterized byGroup of answer choices | back 84 lengthening PR intervals and dropped P wave. |
front 85 Hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a compensatory response to | back 85 pulmonary stenosis. |
front 86 Lusitropic impairment refers to | back 86 impaired diastolic relaxation |
front 87 Increased preload of the cardiac chambers may lead to which patient symptom? | back 87 Edema |