front 1 HIV membrane fusion | back 1
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front 2 specific interactions btw HIV gp120 protein | back 2 specific interactions btw HIV gp120 protein and T-cell CD4 for initial attachment of HIV to T cell -> and then subsequently CCR5 (coreceptor) that is required for membrane fusion gp120 protein is on surface
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front 3 summary of last slide | back 3 gp120 +CD4, reorganization of gp120 + coreceptor binding -> membrane fusion = now complete membrane fusion |
front 4 now talking abt late phase | back 4 early phase done when DNA incorporate into host cell chromosomes = late phase in late phase
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front 5 make note for this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odRyv7V8LAE | back 5 no data |
front 6 HIV expresses "polyproteins" that must be | back 6 cut up by the HIV protease (OR) into their individual components
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front 7 what enzyme cuts the HIV proteins in order for them to become functional? | back 7 protease in order to make infective virions |
front 8 once protease cuts proteins to become functional, they are then | back 8 infective virions. |
front 9 HIV can infect | back 9 many types of cells, but particularly infects CD4/coreceptor cells very easily |
front 10 humans became aware of HIV in ___ but it had been killing ppl for 60 years prior | back 10 1981 reported 5 young men had unusual infection. There were clusters of unusual/uncommon cases being reported. |
front 11 initial recognition of disease: AIDS in the US | back 11 1981 1st global indication of HIV
June 6
these indicated problems with immune systems (suspected issue)
end of 1981
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front 12 identifying the cause of this immuno-suppression | back 12 3 initial hypotheses link doesnt work https://jamanetwork.com/learning/audioplayer/16634751?widget=personalizedcontent&previousarticle=16653636 |
front 13 identifying cause of AIDs | back 13 1983 breakthrough isolated it removed blood from person w/ HIV, cultured, visualized cells, saw the HIV virions emerging from cells (see budding in picture) |
front 14 essay - nobel biographical essay, francoise barre-sinoussi and luc montagnier won 2008 nobel prize for discovering HIV | back 14 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2008/barre-sinoussi-bio.html
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front 15 HIV and AIDS | back 15
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front 16 HIV | back 16 human immunodeficiency virus the infectious agent (virus) causes slow decline of immune system |
front 17 AIDS | back 17 acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome AIDS - end stage of HIV infection when a characteristic spectrum of opportunistic infections or cancers takes advantage of the weakened (or eroded) immune system having HIV does NOT mean necessarily have AIDS now, most ppl dont have AIDS anymore |
front 18 how does HIV cause AIDS? | back 18
Red – level of HIV in blood - infected -> viral levels very high (acute phase) - feels like bad flu - eventually, if immune system working well, bring down infection - don’t get rid of phase - individual enter asymptomatic phase (clinical latency) - no signs of infection - person feels normal - asymptomatic stage can last years Eventually, person becomes susceptible to many types of infection - opportunistic pathogens -> pathogens that don’t normally hurt if have good functioning immune system - types of diseases first described. The unusual infections found bc their immune systems were low Ppl succumb to opportunistic infections HIV = primary infection -> leads to secondary (opportunistic) infections that are the cause of death Untreated – can last 4/5 years Blue – levels of T helper cells - normal – 1000 cells/million cells - intial drop during acute phase = normal - in diff individuals, have diff levels after acute phase. Higher the better - usually return to level that allows immune system to be relatively normal - over years, levels drop bc the cells are targeted by HIV Aids = acquired immune deficiency syndrome Syndrome – disease state, grouping of symtpsoms Use bc individuals can die of different things (depends on particular opportunistic infection) |
front 19 syndrome | back 19 group of symptoms that consistently occur together or a condition characterized by a set of associated symptoms |
front 20 how CD4+ T helper cells contribute to various immune system activities | back 20
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front 21 opportunistic infections and their relationship to HIV/AIDs | back 21 https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/staying-healthy-with-hiv-aids/potential-related-health-problems/opportunistic-infections/ |
front 22 https://jamanetwork.com/learning/audio-player/16634751?widget=personalizedcontent&previousarticle=16653636 Understand what a ‘Case Control’ study is and why is was so important. The reaction at a White House Press conference following the mention of a ‘gay plague’. | back 22 “HIV is certainly character-building. It’s made me see all of the shallow things we cling to, like ego and vanity. Of course, I’d rather have a few more T-cells and a little less character.” |