front 1 What is the hypothalamus analogous to in business? | back 1 The CEO |
front 2 What is the pituitary gland analogous to in business? | back 2 The managers |
front 3 What is the target gland analogous to in business? | back 3 The workers |
front 4 Describe negative feedback regulation for the thyroid | back 4 Hypothalamus detects free thyroxine and when the hormone is low, the
hypothalamus releases TRH. |
front 5 List the anterior pituitary hormones | back 5 ACTH |
front 6 What test do we use to detect GH deficiency? | back 6 IGF |
front 7 Describe the GH suppression test | back 7 A 100-g glucose load is given to a patient after a baseline GH level is assessed. Glucose should suppress GH. If it doesn't then there is an unregulated source of GH somewhere in the body. |
front 8 Name the disease of excess GH before the epiphyseal plates fuse | back 8 Gigantism |
front 9 Name the disease of excess GH after the epiphyseal plates fuse | back 9 Acromegaly |
front 10 What is prolactin used for physiologically? | back 10 Milk production |
front 11 What is GH used for physiologically? | back 11 Growth |
front 12 What is the diagnostic test of choice for prolactinomas? | back 12 MRI |
front 13 What molecule inhibits the production of prolactin? | back 13 Dopamine |
front 14 What is the clinical sign of a prolactinoma? | back 14 The lateral fields of vision are diminished, it's like looking through a tunnel |
front 15 Name the posterior pituitary hormones | back 15 ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin |
front 16 Name the tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary | back 16 ACTH GH |
front 17 What hormone in our bodies is regulated by positive feedback? | back 17 Oxytocin |
front 18 What two things is oxytocin related to physiologically? | back 18 Milk letdown and uterine contraction/childbirth (parturition) |
front 19 What's another positive feedback loop in the body besides oxytocin? | back 19 Coagulation |
front 20 What is the other name for ADH? | back 20 Vasopressin |
front 21 What are the two functions of ADH? | back 21 Cause vasoconstriction of arterioles and reabsorb free water (without Na) |
front 22 What disease is associated with a too much ADH? | back 22 SIADH (Syndrome of inappropriate ADH) which basically means that you don't pee a lot and retain too much water |
front 23 What disease is associated with not enough ADH or an insensitivity at the receptors? | back 23 Diabetes insipidus |
front 24 What is the function of the gonads? | back 24 To produce sperm/oocytes |
front 25 Identify the results for hypergonadotropic hypogonadism | back 25 high FSH/LH |
front 26 Identify the results for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism | back 26 low FSH/LH |
front 27 What is a primary ovarian failure going to look like on lab tests? | back 27 High FSH |
front 28 What is primary testicular failure going to look like on lab tests? | back 28 High FSH/LH |
front 29 What is the giveaway clinical finding for Kallmann syndrome? | back 29 Anosmia, or lack of the sense of smell. This would also show a hypogonadotropic hypogonadism-like panel |
front 30 What is the FSH level in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? | back 30 Elevated FSH |
front 31 What is the FSH level in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle? | back 31 Dropping FSH |
front 32 What is the LH level in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? | back 32 Low LH |
front 33 What is the LH level in the Ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle?" | back 33 LH spike" |
front 34 What is the estrogen level in the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle? | back 34 Elevated estrogen due to LH spike |
front 35 What is the progesterone level in the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle? | back 35 Slowly rising progesterone |
front 36 What is the progesterone level in the Follicular phase of the menstrual cycle? | back 36 Low progesterone |
front 37 What is the progesterone level in the Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle? | back 37 High progesterone |
front 38 What does the uterine lining do during the luteal phase? | back 38 Becomes soft and cushy, ready for an embryo to implant in its walls |
front 39 What does the uterine lining do during the follicular phase? | back 39 It is being sloughed off at the beginning, but begins to grow prior to ovulation. |
front 40 What gonadotropin is associated with ovulation? | back 40 LH |
front 41 Describe precocious sexual development in girls | back 41 Pubic/axillary hair development, breast development, or onset of menses prior to age 8. |
front 42 Describe precocious sexual development in boys | back 42 Facial/pubic/axillary hair development, elongation of the penis prior to age 9 |
front 43 What is the age range for normal puberty for girls? | back 43 8-14 |
front 44 What is the age range for normal puberty for boys? | back 44 9-15 |
front 45 What hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex? | back 45 Aldosterone |
front 46 What does the zona glomerulosa produce | back 46 aldosterone |
front 47 What does the zona fasiculata produce | back 47 cortisol |
front 48 What does the zona reticularis produce | back 48 testosterone |
front 49 What is an easy way to remember the order that these are produced in?GFR - | back 49 Salt, Sugar, Sex |
front 50 How is estrogen formed from the hormone testosterone? | back 50 Aromatase enzyme in the peripheray |
front 51 What would you expect to find in a patient with 21-hydroxylase deficiency? | back 51 low aldosterone |
front 52 What would you expect to find in a patient with 17 hydroxylase deficiency? | back 52 high aldosterone |
front 53 If a patient is deficient in aldosterone, what would you expect for Na values? | back 53 low Na |
front 54 f a patient has an excess of aldosterone, what would you expect for Na values? | back 54 high Na |
front 55 If a patient has an excess of aldosterone, what would you expect for K values? | back 55 low K |
front 56 If a patient is deficient in aldosterone, what would you expect for K values? | back 56 high K |
front 57 How does the RAAS system work? | back 57 Angiotensin I is created from the liver |
front 58 What is the negative feedback loop for aldosterone? | back 58 hypothalamus - CRH |
front 59 How does aldosterone help regulate blood pressure? | back 59 Water follows Na reabsorption |
front 60 What is Conn syndrome? | back 60 Hyperaldosteronism |
front 61 What electrolyte findings would you expect to see in Conn syndrome? | back 61 high Na |
front 62 What is the treatment of hypoaldosteronism? | back 62 fludrocortisone (aldosterone replacement therapy) |
front 63 What is Cushing syndrome? | back 63 hypercortisolism |
front 64 What is Addison disease? | back 64 hypocortisolism |
front 65 What is Cushing disease? | back 65 A pituitary adenoma causing hypercortisolism |
front 66 What laboratory results would you expect to see in Cushing disease? | back 66 ACTH high |
front 67 What laboratory results would you expect to see in Cushing syndrome? | back 67 ACTH low |
front 68 What laboratory results would you expect to see in Addison disease? | back 68 ACTH high |
front 69 What clinical sign can be a giveaway for Addison disease? | back 69 dark complexion and dark creases/folds on the skin |
front 70 If you don't have enough cortisol, what will your blood sugar do? | back 70 Blood sugar will fall |
front 71 If you have too much cortisol, what will your blood sugar do? | back 71 Blood sugar will rise |
front 72 What is the diurnal rhythm for ACTH? | back 72 steadily decreases during the day and then begins to increase overnight peaking around 6am |
front 73 What is the clinical consequence of excess androgens in our blood? | back 73 masculinization |
front 74 What is the clinical consequence of excess estrogens in our blood? | back 74 Feminization |
front 75 What analyte do we use to assess for excessive adrenal androgens? | back 75 DHEA and DHEA-S |
front 76 What metabolite of DHEA do we test for in the urine? | back 76 17-ketosteroids |
front 77 What does the adrenal medulla secrete? | back 77 Catecholamines |
front 78 What two amino acids are involved in the creation of Dopamine? | back 78 tyrosine and phenylalanine |
front 79 What is the epinephrine-producing tumor called? | back 79 pheochromocytoma |
front 80 What enzyme breaks down catecholamines in neural tissues? | back 80 MAO |
front 81 What enzyme breaks down catecholamines in non-neural tissues? | back 81 COMT |
front 82 What are the three catecholamines? | back 82 Dopamine, epinephrine an norepinephrine |
front 83 What is precursor protein is produced by the follicular cell of the thyroid? | back 83 thyroglobulin |
front 84 What amino acid residue is present on the thyroglobulin molecule? | back 84 tyrosine |
front 85 What enzyme oxidizes iodine in the colloid? | back 85 Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) |
front 86 How many oxidized iodine molecules can a tyrosine residue hold? | back 86 2 |
front 87 What happens in conjugation? | back 87 adjacent thyroxine molecules are stacked on to each other |
front 88 Before the hormone can be released into circulation, what must happen first? | back 88 The thyroglobulin must be destroyed |
front 89 What is the most active form of thyroid hormone in the body? | back 89 Free T3, Triiodothyronine (T3) |
front 90 What is the circulating form of thyroid hormone in the body? | back 90 Bound T4 |
front 91 What percentage of thyroxine is protein bound? | back 91 99.97% |
front 92 What proteins primarily bind to thyroxine? | back 92 Albumin, TBP |
front 93 What is a clinical sign of hypo- hyperthyroidism? | back 93 Goiter |
front 94 What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? | back 94 anxiety |
front 95 What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? | back 95 slow cognition |
front 96 What results would you expect in primary hypothyroidism? | back 96 T4 low |
front 97 What results would you expect in secondary hypothyroidism? | back 97 T4 low |
front 98 What results would you expect in tertiary hypothyroidism? | back 98 T4 low |
front 99 What results would you expect in primary hyperthyroidism? | back 99 T4 high |
front 100 What results would you expect in secondary hyperthyroidism? | back 100 T4 high |
front 101 What results would you expect in tertiary hyperthyroidism? | back 101 T4 high |
front 102 What is non-thyroid illness? (euthyroid sick syndrome) | back 102 A chronic illness that affects your ability to produce a lot of hormone. Remember, if you're chronically sick, your body doesn't want to use it's resources for growth and development, it's more worried about survival. |
front 103 What is thyroid hormone's primary objective? | back 103 Growth and development |
front 104 What results would you expect for non-thyroidal illness (euthyroid sick syndrome) | back 104 T4 low |
front 105 What is the hallmark antibody for Graves' disease? | back 105 TSHRAb |
front 106 What is the hallmark antibody for Hashimoto thyroiditis? | back 106 TPOAb |
front 107 Is nonthyroidal illness a dysfunction of the hypothalamus, pituitary,
or the thyroid | back 107 It appears that euthyroid sick syndrome is a central phenomenon.
There are also |
front 108 What is the initial test that should be performed to assess for a euthyroid state? | back 108 TSH |
front 109 What would be the symptoms of a 21-hydroxylase deficiency? | back 109 Salt wasting at the level of the kidney, hypoglycemia, and masculinization |
front 110 A 16-year-old female lives a normal, dehydrated life and doesn’t
drink a lot of | back 110 Low. It would probably be between 3.0 and 3.8 mg/dL. Dehydration
is |
front 111 What are the renal effects of aldosterone? | back 111 Reabsorption of Na and water with a loss of K |
front 112 What is the test used to diagnose Cushing disease? | back 112 Overnight dexamethasone suppression test, NOT a plasma cortisol, that
would |
front 113 Why do hyperandrogenic males have high levels of estrogen? | back 113 The aromatase enzyme converts testosterone into estrogen |
front 114 What is the diagnostic test for pheochromocytoma? | back 114 There are two, we use free metanephrines and a 23-hour
fractionated |
front 115 Testosterone and Estrogen help to develop what reproductive cells? | back 115 Spermatogonia and Oogonia |
front 116 In menopause, the ovaries fail to produce adequate estrogen to
continue with the | back 116 Extraordinarily high. This is a hallmark of menopause, FSH will be through the roof |
front 117 What Estrogen levels would you expect in a female patient with low GnRH | back 117 Low Estrogen levels. Her low GnRH level will not induce secretion of
FSH or LH, |
front 118 What is the gonadotropin which is associated with ovulation? | back 118 LH. Remember, the “LH spike” is the cause of ovulation and estrogen
increases |
front 119 Precocious sexual development is considered before what ages? | back 119 Before age 8 in girls and before age 9 in boys |
front 120 Elevated T4 will lead to what changes in negative feedback inhibition? | back 120 Decreased TRH and TSH |
front 121 What are the two trophic hormones in the anterior pituitary? | back 121 GH and PRL |
front 122 What is the definitive test for GH excess? | back 122 Oral glucose suppression test |
front 123 A 28-year-old female is no longer menstruating and has noticed her
field of vision | back 123 She should get checked for a prolactinoma |
front 124 What is another positive feedback loop in the blood? | back 124 Blood clotting. This is a rather important thing to keep
throughout |
front 125 A patient has diabetes insipidus, what is it caused by? | back 125 NOT blood sugar, but the insensitivity of the cells in the kidney to Antidiuretic |