front 1 Sociology: | back 1 the systematic study of human society, social groups, and social interaction |
front 2 Sociological imagination: | back 2 the ability to recognize how apparently personal issues at least partly reflect broader social structures |
front 3 Hypothesis: | back 3 a statement about relationships that we expect to find if our theory is correct |
front 4 Independent variable: | back 4 is the cause in a cause and effect relationship |
front 5 Dependent variable: | back 5 is the effect in a cause and effect relationship |
front 6 Sampling: | back 6 the process of systematically selecting representative cases from the larger population |
front 7 Experiment: | back 7 a method in which the researcher manipulates independent variables to test theories of cause and effect |
front 8 Survey research: | back 8 a method that involves asking a relatively large number of people the same standardized questions |
front 9 Participant observation: | back 9 refers to conducting research by participating, interviewing and observing in the field |
front 10 Content analysis: | back 10 refers to the systematic examination of documents of any sort |
front 11 Random Sampling | back 11 samples chosen through a random procedure so that each individual is given population has an equal chance of being selected |
front 12 Cross-sectional design: | back 12 uses a sample(known as cross-section) of the population at a single point in time |
front 13 Longitudinal research: | back 13 is any research in which data are collected over a long period of time |
front 14 Participant observation: | back 14 refers to conducting research by participating interviewing and observing in the field |
front 15 Culture: | back 15 the total way of life shared by a members of a community |
front 16 Nonmaterial culture: | back 16 language values rules and knowledge shared by society |
front 17 Material culture: | back 17 physical objects a society produces such as tools streets sculptures and toys |
front 18 Cultural relativity: | back 18 requires that each cultural trait be evaluated in the context of its own culture |
front 19 Language: | back 19 the ability to communicate in symbols orally by manual sign or by writing |
front 20 Values: | back 20 shared ideas about desirable goals |
front 21 Norms: | back 21 shared rules of conduct that specify how people out to think( Normal) |
front 22 Mores: | back 22 are norms associated with fairly strong ideas of right or wrong they carry a moral connotation (right or wrong) |
front 23 Laws: | back 23 are mores that are enforced and sanctioned by the authority of government (rewarded/punished) |
front 24 Cultural lag: | back 24 occurs when one part of a culture changes more rapidly than another |
front 25 Culture shock: | back 25 refers to disconcerting and unpleasant experiences that can occur when individuals encounter a different culture |
front 26 Socialization: | back 26 is the process of learning the rules practices and values necessary for participation in culture and society |
front 27 Roles: | back 27 are ways of behaving and thinking that are established and expected in specific roles |
front 28 Self concept: | back 28 is our sense of who we are as individuals |
front 29 Significant others: | back 29 are the roles players with whom we have close personal relationships |
front 30 Agents of socialization: | back 30 are individuals groups and media that teach social norms |
front 31 Family: | back 31 most important socialization agent |
front 32 Peers: | back 32 individuals who share similar age and social status( members of a peer group) |
front 33 School: | back 33 transmits societies central values |
front 34 Mass media: | back 34 forms of communication designed to teach broad audiences |
front 35 Religion: | back 35 source of individual direction |
front 36 Community: | back 36 people who share a common space of common identity |
front 37 Socialization | back 37 A central aspect of socialization is learning our social roles Looking glass self |
front 38 Agents of socialization | back 38 Family is the most important in agent socialization |
front 39 Socialization through the life course | back 39 Childhood: 1st primary socialization personality and role learning Adolescence: anticipatory socialization role learning that prepares us for future roles Adulthood: professional socialization role learning that provides knowledge and cultural understanding of a profession Age 65 and beyond: role exit identity as retiree adaptations to time loss of spouse declining health financial (anticipatory socialization children play out their visions of roles identities and behaviors) |
front 40 Resocialization | back 40 Occurs when we abandon our self concept and way of life for a radically different one (Often against our will) |
front 41 Status: | back 41 A person's position |
front 42 Achieved status: | back 42 Are optional statuses a person can obtain in a lifetime(Good Or bad) |
front 43 Ascribed status: | back 43 are fixed by birth and inheritance unalterable in a lifetime (Born into) |
front 44 Roles: | back 44 sets of norms specifying the rights and obligations associated with status |
front 45 Role strain: | back 45 occurs when incompatible role demands develop with a single status( strains happen only with single status) |
front 46 Role conflict: | back 46 Occurs when incompatible role demands develop because of multiple statuses( multiple 2 or more) |
front 47 Social institutions: | back 47 An enduring and complex social structure that meets basic human needs |
front 48 Basic social institutions | back 48 Family: to care for dependents and raise children Economy: to produce and distribute goods Government: to provide community coordination services and defense Education: to teach generations Religion: to supply answers about the unknown or unknowable |