front 1 stable injury | back 1 protected from bone and joint displacement by intact POSTERIOR SPINAL ligaments 1 column |
front 2 unstable injury | back 2 can become displaced w/ movement 3 columns |
front 3 avulsion fracture | back 3 muscle is pulled away by muscle tendon/ligament |
front 4 clay shoveler's fracture | back 4 avulsion of SP, hyperflexion |
front 5 impaction fracture | back 5 due to compression forced related to axial loading (i.e cervical spine burst fracture) |
front 6 type 1 dens fracture | back 6 avulsion of tip caused by alar or apical ligament stress |
front 7 type 2 dens fracture | back 7 fracture @ junction of dens body, most common, and most difficult to heal |
front 8 type 3 dens fracture | back 8 fracture deep below junction, heals readily |
front 9 wedge fracture | back 9 hyperflexion and stable |
front 10 burst fracture | back 10 axial compression, may or may not be stable |
front 11 normal thoracic positioning (fractures that happen here lead to exaggerated...) | back 11 kyphosis (toward flexion) |
front 12 scoliosis | back 12 lateral shifting of spine, rotational change in ribs |
front 13 disc bulging | back 13 generalized extension of 50-100% of disc circumference (NOT HERNIATION) |
front 14 disc herniation (protrustion) | back 14 localized (focal) extension of disc material beyond usual limits wherein base of material is wider than apex |
front 15 disc herniation (extrusion) | back 15 same as protrusion but disc material has narrower neck |
front 16 extrusion w/ sequestration | back 16 disc material has COMPLETELY SEPARATED from parent disc |
front 17 anterior longitudinal ligament | back 17 prevents disc herniations in anterior direction |
front 18 posterior longitudinal ligament | back 18 prevents disc herniations in posterior direction |
front 19 anterior column | back 19 A.L.L, anterior 2/3 of vertebrae and intervertebral discs |
front 20 middle | back 20 P.L.L, posterior 1/3 of bodies and intervertebral discs |
front 21 posterior column | back 21 everything posterior to P.L.L |
front 22 jefferson fracture | back 22 axial compression (diving accident) |
front 23 teardrop | back 23 triangular fracture, ligament rupture hyperflexion |
front 24 hangmans fracture | back 24 hyperextension, bilateral pedicles |
front 25 foraminal encroachment | back 25 nerves being pinched due to stenosis |
front 26 scoliosis operation in youth | back 26 > 45 degrees |
front 27 scoliosis operation in adults | back 27 >50 degrees |
front 28 Cobb method | back 28 angle measured to assess severity of scoliosis |