front 1 Are Viruses Alive, Why or Why not? | back 1 No, they are not alive because: |
front 2 How were viruses discovered | back 2 Dmitri Ivanosky discovered viruses through tabacco plants, he did not know it was virus, only that it was not a bacteria. Later Martinus Beijerinck repeated the experiment and he coined the term virus. Finally the electron scanning microscope showed us what they looked like! |
front 3 What are the components of a virus? | back 3 Genome/Genetic material , protein capsid, and sometimes lipid envelope |
front 4 What characteristics are used to classify viruses? | back 4 Genomes, Capsid shape, envelope structure in the past |
front 5 Why can't you treat a virus with anti-biotics? | back 5 Because antibiotics are designed to specifically work against bacteria, and viruses are not bacteria. |
front 6 What are the two viral life cycles? | back 6 Lytic (reproduce within one cell, hijacking the replication system
and continue to do so until the cell lyses) |
front 7 How do viruses enter cells | back 7 Glycoproteins and injection |
front 8 What is herd immunity and why is it important to get vaccinated | back 8 when a large enough portion of the population gets vaccinated, the virus has a difficult time finding suitable hosts for replication, and getting vaccinated protects you and other people |
front 9 What is a rough timeline of early life on earth | back 9 Eurkaryotic 2.1 BYA |
front 10 In what domain were the earliest forms of life | back 10 Prokarya! |
front 11 What are the major differences between prokarya and eukarya | back 11 prokarya unicellular do not have a nucleus, they do not have membrane
bound organelles, circular chromosome |
front 12 Difference between bacteria and archaea, which is more closely related to Eukarya | back 12 cell wall composition (peptidoglycan) and archaea are often extromphiles, and Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya |
front 13 how are bacteria able to change their genetic makeup | back 13 transformation (environment) |
front 14 What is a biofilm and why is their presence problematic for humans | back 14 a thin slimy film of bacteria that adheres to a surface. Problematic on our teeth and in pipes in our homes |
front 15 Are all prokaryotes pathogenic, | back 15 no, and we have good ones in our gut |
front 16 What is bioremediation and what is the role of prokaryotes | back 16 bioremediation is the clean up or removal of toxins or heavy metals using organisms that can feed on or break down the problematic stuff |
front 17 Nitrogen fixing bacteria | back 17 the bacteria supply nitrogen to the plants and the plants give us oxygen |
front 18 Why is kingdom protista a paraphyletic group | back 18 includes some but not all recent descendents |
front 19 What is endosymbiosis and how is it thought to have lead to eukaryotic cells | back 19 Endosymbiosis is when one organism lives inside of another to the effect of mutual benefit, and its thought to have lead to eukaryotic cells because mitochondria have their own dna and were probably originally a different organism |
front 20 What evidence is there that a heterotrophic bacteria was engulfed BEFORE the autotrophic bacteria? | back 20 Many protists underwent a secondary endosymbiosis and engulfed photosynthetic prokaryote |
front 21 what are some distinguishing characteristics of protists | back 21 -Diverse group of eukaryotes (don't fit into fungi, animalia, planae) 0unicellular and multicellular -motile (moved by cilia, flagella, pseudopod) -micro or macroscopic - colonial or free living - hetero or autotrophs (aerobic or anaerobic) |
front 22 helpful and harmful protists | back 22 Zooxanthellae (Dinoflagellates) Phytoplankton & zooplankton Brown kelp Trichonympha Human pathogens: Plasmodium Trypanosoma Giardia Plant pathogens: Plasmopara Phytophthora |
front 23 Some distinguishing characteristics of fungi | back 23 Eukaryotic, uni or multi cellular, non motile, heterotroph, decomposers |
front 24 parts of a fungus | back 24 hyphae - filamentous tubules that make up most of the mycelium and fruiting bodies - mycellium, network of hyphae |
front 25 how do fungi reproduce | back 25 sexually or asexually, through meiosis or mitosis, with phases
including germination, spore production, and spore distribution |
front 26 clades and examples of fungi | back 26 ascomycota - sac fungi yeast and pennicillum |
front 27 helpful/harmful fungus | back 27 death cap mushroom (harmful) b/d (harmful) yeast (helpful) pennicillum (helpful) |
front 28 What is the role of fungi in the environment | back 28 saprobes/decomposers - they can help in a number of ways like glomeromycota helping trees, decomposing dead animals, returning nutrients to the soil or they can harm the environment like the frog toxin |
front 29 whats a lichen - | back 29 symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism |