front 1 Bacterial cystitis is impossible to cure with its presence due to? | back 1 bladder inflammation |
front 2 What is bacterial cystitis | back 2 common condition. inflammatory response of the lining of the bladder (urothelium) to bacterial invasion. characterised by frequent urination and burning sensation (dysuria) on voiding. |
front 3 What is interstitial cystitis? | back 3 rare condition |
front 4 What is no common with bacterial and interstitial cystisis | back 4 incontinence |
front 5 Patient will general complain of pelvic pain and not | back 5 bladder pain |
front 6 what occurs in a patient with pyuria? | back 6 bacteria attacks the urothelium, cytokines are produced and white blood cells appear in the urine to fight the infection. pus cells are counted per litre of urine to define pyuria |
front 7 What is Sterile pyuria | back 7 absent pus cells of obvious bacteria. most common sterile pyuria is chlamydia urethritis. (chlamydia cells are not found in urine). Other sterile pyuria include bladder cancer, tuberculosis, bladder stones and schistosomiasis (parasitic worms/ malaria). |
front 8 What is Bacteruria ? | back 8 presence of bacteria in the urine. |
front 9 what are the markers for symptomatic women | back 9 >108 colony forming units per litre of urine. recent changes by the European association of urology typical symptoms of cystitis should be reduced to >105 colony forming units per urine litre. NOT commonly used by Australasia microbiologists= KNOW THIS!!!! |
front 10 what colony forming unit? | back 10 microbiology department, urine is placed on an agar plate, set at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and the amount of colonies determine the amount of bacterial organisms present in urine. |
front 11 recurrent proven bacterial cystitis is defined as | back 11 3 proven infections within 12 months originally was 3 infections in 5 years > studies provided insight that 25% of women who have a proven bacterial cystitis have a recurrent infection within 6 months |
front 12 is a urine dipstick a sufficient measurement of associated urogynaecological issues? | back 12 NO |
front 13 what does a urine dipstick look for with a urinalysis? | back 13 abnormal levels of nitrates, leukocytes and proteinuria |
front 14 what is a cystocele? | back 14 weakened muscles and tissues around bladder wall allowing the falling in to the vaginal canal causing trapped urine increasing the risk of urinary tract infections and recurrency. |
front 15 what does intercourse spread into the urethra of a women posing potential problems | back 15 Flora from the perineum into the urethra |
front 16 what is atrophic vaginitis and how can it be treated? | back 16 thinning, drying and inflammation of the vaginal walls due to less estrogen production. topical vaginal oestrogen cream can be used to thicken the lining of urethral wall to increase the mucosal seal. |
front 17 why are three urine containers given to patient at the first symptoms of cystitis? | back 17 because women lead busy lives and if we as clinicians can capture the first microbiological evidence of bacterial cystitis the correct antibiotics can be administered before the bacterial is embedded deep into the wall of the bladder |
front 18 how to explain how to get a midstream urine sample | back 18 ask the patient to sit forward on the toilet, spread their labia, clean the area with wet tissue of soap and water, Ask the patient to void a few drops to remove any contamination from the urethra meatus, the next void needs to be caught in the urine container. |
front 19 what should be asked of patient with recurrent bacterial cystitis? | back 19 poor stream / feeling of incomplete emptying / post void dribbling / any recent incontinence surgery eg: TVT (tension-free vaginal tape) |
front 20 isolated UTIs - what is usually prescribed for these patients? | back 20 5 days of macrodantoin 100mg QID. effective for e-coli, klebsiella, enerobaccter and streptococci if urine pH is normal (pH 5.5-5.6) (not suitable for pseudomonas) |
front 21 recurrent UTIs - best practice | back 21 using topical vaginal estrogen creams (ovestin) applied digitally to the peri-urethral area and to the introitus gives better results, in terms of mucosal thickening of the urethra and prevention of ascending bacteria. |
front 22 types of vaginal oestriol creasm | back 22 vagifem - applicator usage (tablet form) Ovestin - applied by digital (cream) |
front 23 what is the kilmartin regime? | back 23 the use of table salt as a way of killing bacterial infections. Used to wash the perineum at the onset of dyuria. The use of bicarbonate soda drinks to alkalinise the urine to reduce pain. |
front 24 what is hipprex (methamine hippurate) and what should it be used in conjunction with | back 24 used if the pH of urine is acidic - <pH 5.5. it should be given with vitamin c atleast 1gm BD to lower urine pH. |
front 25 Cranberry most important ingredient | back 25 proanthocyanidin (PAC) |
front 26 how much cranberry juice is required and how does it work | back 26 1500ml of juice a day. it assists inhibiting the adhesion of fimbria to e-coli receptor to the uroepithelial cells. |