front 1 What is the difference between determinate and indeterminate cleavage? | back 1 Determinate cleavage refers to cell division that results in cells having definitive lineages; that is, at least one daughter cell is programmed to differentiate into a particular cell type. Indeterminate cleavage refers to cell division that results in cells that can differentiate into any cell type (or a whole organism) |
front 2 From zygote to gastrula, what are the various stages of development? | back 2 Zygote > 2-. 4-, 8-, and 16-cell embryo > Morula > Blastula (blastocyst) > Gastrula |
front 3 During which stage of development does implantation occur? | back 3 Blastula (blastocyst) stage |
front 4 What are the primary germ layers and what organs are formed from each? | back 4 Ectoderm: Integument (including the epidermis, hair, nails, and epithelia of the nose, mouth, and anal canal) , lens of the eye, nervous system (including adrenal medulla), inner ear Mesoderm: Musculoskeletal system, circulatory system, excretory system, gonads, muscular and connective tissue layers of the digestive and respiratory systems, adrenal cortex Endoderm: Epithelial linings of digestive and respiratory tracts, and part of the liver, pancreas, thyroid, bladder, and distal urinary and reproductive tracts |
front 5 What is induction and how does it influence development? | back 5 Induction is the process by which nearby cells influence the differentiation of adjacent cells. This ensures proper spatial location and orientation of cells that share a function or have complementary functions. |
front 6 What tissues do neural crest cells develop into? | back 6 Neural crest cells become the PNS (including the sensory ganglia, autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, and Schwann cells) as well as specific cell types in other tissues (such as calcitonin-producing cells of the thyroid, melanocytes in the skin, and others) |
front 7 What is the difference between determination and differentiation? | back 7 Determination is the commitment of a cell to a particular lineage. Differentiation refers to the actual changes that occur in order for the cell to assume the structure and function of the determined cell type. |
front 8 What are the three types of potency? | back 8 Totipotency Pluripotency Multipotency |
front 9 What lineages can a Totipotent cell type differentiate into? | back 9 Any cell type in the developing embryo (primary germ layers) or in extraembryonic tissues (amnion, chorion, placentra) |
front 10 What lineages can a Pluripotency cell type differentiate into? | back 10 Any cell type in the developing embryo (primary germ layers) |
front 11 What lineages can a Multipotency cell type differentiate into? | back 11 Any cell type within a particular lineage (for example, hematopoietic stem cells) |
front 12 What are the four type of cell-cell communication? | back 12 Autocrine (the signal acts on the same cell that secreted it) Paracrine (the signal acts on local cells) Juxtacrine (a cell triggers adjacent cells through direct receptor stimulation) Endocrine (the signal travels via the bloodstream to act on cells at distant sites) |
front 13 What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis? | back 13 Apoptosis is programmed cell death and results in contained blebs of dead cell that can be picked up and digested by other cells. Necrosis is cell death due to injury and results in spilling of cytoplasmic contents. |
front 14 What is the oxygenation status of the blood in the umbilical arteries? | back 14 The umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood. |
front 15 What is the oxygenation status of the blood in the umbilical vein? | back 15 The umbilical vein carries oxygenate blood. |
front 16 What are the three fetal shunts? | back 16 Foramen ovale Ductus arteriosus Ductus venosus |
front 17 Foramen ovale: What vessels or heart chambers does the connect? What organ does this shunt bypass? | back 17 Connects right atrium to left atrium Lungs |
front 18 Ductus arteriosus: What vessels or heart chambers does the connect? What organ does this shunt bypass? | back 18 Connects pulmonary artery to aorta Lungs |
front 19 Ductus venosus: What vessels or heart chambers does the connect? What organ does this shunt bypass? | back 19 Connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava Liver |
front 20 What are some of the key developmental features of the 1st trimester? | back 20 Organogenesis occurs (development of hart, eyes, gonads, limbs, liver, brain) |
front 21 What are some of the key developmental features of the 2nd trimester? | back 21 Tremendous growth occurs Movement begins The face becomes distinctly human Digits elongate |
front 22 What are some of the key developmental features of the 3rd trimester? | back 22 Rapid growth and brain development continue Transfer of antibodies to the fetus |
front 23 What occurs in each of the three phases of birth? | back 23 1st: cervix thins out and the amniotic sac ruptures 2nd: uterine contractions, coordinated by prostaglandins and oxytocin, result in birth of fetus 3rd: placenta and umbilical cord are expelled. |