front 1 4 Tenets of the Cell Theory | back 1 1. All living things are made of cells 2. The cell is the basic functional unit of life 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells 4. Genetic info is carried in the form of DNA and is passed from parent to daughter cell |
front 2 Briefly describe the function of the: Nucleus | back 2 The nucleus stores genetic information and is the site of transcription. |
front 3 Briefly describe the function of the: Mitochondria | back 3 The mitochondria are involved in ATP production and apoptosis. |
front 4 Briefly describe the function of the: Lysosome | back 4 Lysosomes break down cellular waste products and molecules ingested through endocytosis, and also can be involved in apoptosis. |
front 5 Briefly describe the function of the: Rough ER | back 5 The rough ER synthesizes proteins destined for secretion. |
front 6 Briefly describe the function of the: Smooth ER | back 6 The smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification. |
front 7 Briefly describe the function of the: Golgi Apparatus | back 7 The Golgi apparatus packages, modifies, and distributes cellular products. |
front 8 Briefly describe the function of the: Peroxisome | back 8 Peroxisomes break down very long chain fatty acids, synthesizes lipids, and contribute to the pentose phosphate pathway. |
front 9 A child is diagnosed with an enzyme deficiency that prevents the production of hydrogen peroxide. What would the likely outcome be with such a deficiency? | back 9 Peroxisomes are dependent on hydrogen peroxide for their functions, so an enzyme deficiency that results in an inability to form hydrogen peroxide would likely result in an inability to digest very long chain fatty acids. These fatty acids would build up in peroxisomes until they displaced cellular contents, ultimately resulting in cell death. |
front 10 What are the predominant proteins in each cytoskeletal element: Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate filaments | back 10 Microfilaments are composed of actin. Microtubules are composed of tubulin. Intermediate filaments differ by cell type, but may be composed of keratin, desmin, vimentin, and lamins. |
front 11 How do the cytoskeletal structures of centrioles and flagella differ? | back 11 Centrioles consist of nine triplets of microtubules around a hollow center, while flagella consist of nine doublets on the outside, with two microtubules on the inside. |
front 12 Classify each of the cells as epithelial cells or connective tissue: Fibroblasts, which produce collagen in a number of organs | back 12 Connective tissue cells |
front 13 Classify each of the cells as epithelial cells or connective tissue: Endothelial cells, which line blood vessels | back 13 Epithelial cells |
front 14 Classify each of the cells as epithelial cells or connective tissue: alpha-cells, which produce glucagon in the pancreas | back 14 Epithelial cells |
front 15 Classify each of the cells as epithelial cells or connective tissue: Osteoblasts, which produce osteoid, the material that hardens into bone | back 15 Connective tissue cells |
front 16 Classify each of the cells as epithelial cells or connective tissue: Chondroblasts, which produce cartilage | back 16 Connective tissue cells |
front 17 In what ways are Archaea similar to bacteria? | back 17 Archaea are similar to bacteria in that both are single celled organisms that lack a nucleus or membrane bound organelles, contain a single circular chromosome, and divide by binary fission or budding. |
front 18 In what ways are Archaea similar to eukaryotes? | back 18 They are similar to eukaryotes in that they start translation with methonine, contain similar RNA polymerases, and contain DNA associated with histones. |
front 19 Three common shapes of bacteria? | back 19 spherical (cocci) rod-shaped (bacilli) spiral-shaped (spirilli) |
front 20 What difference between the envelopes of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria make gram-positive bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics such as penicillin? | back 20 The antibiotic penicillin targets the enzyme that catalyzes the cross-linking of peptidoglycan. Gram positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid, and contain no outer membrane, whereas gram negative bacteria have only a thin layer of peptidoglycan but also have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids. Penicillin and antibiotics with similar function can more easily reach and weaken the peptidoglycan layer of gram positive bacteria. |
front 21 How do the structures in Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic flagella differ? | back 21 Eukaryotic flagella contain microtubules composed of tubulin, organized in a 9 + 2 arrangement. Bacteria flagella are made of flagellin and consist of a filament, a basal body, and a hook. |
front 22 Describe the bacterial genetic recombination mechanism: Transformation | back 22 Transformation is the acquisition of exogenous genetic material that can be integrated into the bacterial genome. |
front 23 Describe the bacterial genetic recombination mechanism: Conjugation | back 23 Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another across a conjugation bridge; a plasmid can be transferred from F+ cells to F- cells, or a portion of the genome can be transferred from an Hfr cell to a recipient. |
front 24 Describe the bacterial genetic recombination mechanism: Transduction | back 24 Transduction is the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage. |
front 25 What are the four phases of the bacterial growth curve & what are the features of each phase? | back 25 Lag Phase: bacteria get used to the environment; little growth Exponential (Log) Phase: bacteria use available resources to multiply at an exponential rate Stationary Phase: bacteria multiplication slows as resources are used up Death Phase: Bacteria die as resources become insufficient to support the colony. |
front 26 Why are viruses considered obligate intracellular parasites? | back 26 Viruses do not contain organelle such as ribosomes; therefore, in order to reproduce and synthesize proteins, viruses must infect cells and hijack their machinery. |
front 27 A coronavirus, which causes the common cold, is described as an enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. What does this indicate about the virus? | back 27 This description indicates that the virus contains an outer layer of phospholipids with an inner capsid. Within the capsid, their is a single-stranded RNA that can be immediately translated to protein by the ribosome of the host cell. |
front 28 Briefly describe the pathway of retroviral nucleic acids from infection of a host cell to release of viral progeny? | back 28 The nucleic acid enters as a single-stranded RNA, which undergoes reverse transcription (using reverse transcriptase) to form double-stranded DNA. This DNA enters the host genome and replicates with the host cell. The DNA is transcribed to mRNA, which can be used to make structural proteins. This mRNA doubles as the viral genome for new virons. Once new virons are assembled form the structural proteins and mRNA (single stranded RNA) genome, the virons can be released to infect other cells. |
front 29 What are the differences between the lytic and lysogenic cycles? | back 29 In the lytic cycle, bacteriophages replicate in the host cell in extreamely high numbers until the host cell lyses and releases the virons. In the lysogenic cycle, the bacteriophage genome enter the host genome and replicated within the host cell as a provirus. In response to an appropriate stimulus, the provirus may leave the host genome and can be used to synthesize new virons. |
front 30 How do prions cause disease? | back 30 Prions cause disease by triggering a change in the conformation of a protein from an a-helix to a B-pleated sheet. This change reduces solubility of the protein and makes it highly resistant to degradation. |