front 1 Which of the following is a barrier against pathogens provided by the | back 1 dessication |
front 2 Although interferons have several effects, they are particularly
useful | back 2 viruses |
front 3 Which organelle do phagocytes use to digest engulfed particles? | back 3 lysosome |
front 4 Which innate immune system component uses MHC I
molecules | back 4 neutrophils |
front 5 Which of the following is both a phagocyte and an antigen-presenting | back 5 macrophage |
front 6 Which immune cells bind MHC molecules on APCs via CD8 coreceptors on their cell surfaces? | back 6 CTLs |
front 7 What “self” pattern is identified by NK cells? | back 7 missing self |
front 8 The acquired ability to prevent an unnecessary or destructive immune reaction to a harmless foreign particle, such as a food protein, is called ________. | back 8 immune tolerance |
front 9 A memory B cell can differentiate upon reexposure to a pathogen of which cell type? | back 9 plasma cell |
front 10 Foreign particles circulating in the blood are filtered by the | back 10 spleen |
front 11 The structure of an antibody is similar to the extracellular component of which receptor? | back 11 BCR |
front 12 The first antibody class to appear in the serum in response to a newly encountered pathogen is ________. | back 12 IgM |
front 13 What is the most abundant antibody class detected in the serum upon reexposure to a pathogen or in reaction to a vaccine? | back 13 IgG |
front 14 Breastfed infants typically are resistant to disease because of | back 14 passive immunity |
front 15 Allergy to pollen is classified as | back 15 immediate hypersensitivity |
front 16 A potential cause of acquired autoimmunity is ________ | back 16 molecular mimicry |
front 17 Autoantibodies are probably involved in: | back 17 systemic lupus erythematosus |
front 18 Which of the following diseases is not due to autoimmunity? | back 18 HIV/AIDS |
front 19 Mast cell | back 19 located in: connective tissues, mucous membranes characteristics: dilates blood vessels and induces inflammation through release of histamines and heparin, recruits macrophages and neutrophils. involved in wound healing and defense against pathogen, but can also be responsible for allergic reactions |
front 20 Macrophage | back 20 located in: migrates from blood vessels into tissues characteristics: phagocytic cell that consumes foreign pathogens and cancer cells. stimulates response of other immune cells. |
front 21 Natural Killer cell | back 21 located in: circulates in blood and migrates into tissues characteristics: kills tumor cells and virus infected cells. |
front 22 dendritic cell | back 22 located in: present in epithelial tissue, including skin, lung, and tissues of the digestive tract. migrates to lymph nodes upon activation characteristics: presents antigens on its surface, thereby triggering adaptive immunity. |
front 23 monocyte | back 23 located in: stored in spleen, moves through blood vessels to infected tissues characteristics: differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells in response to inflammation |
front 24 neutrophil | back 24 located in: migrates from blood vessels into tissues characteristics: first responders at the site of infection or trauma, this abundant phagocytic cell represents 50-60 percent of all leukocytes. releases toxins that kill or inhibit bacteria and fungi and recruits other immune cells to the site of infection |
front 25 basophil | back 25 located in: circulated in blood and migrates to tissues characteristic: responsible for defense against parasites. releases histamines that cause inflammation and may be responsible for allergic reactions. |
front 26 eosinophil | back 26 located in: circulated in blood and migrates in tissues Characteristics: releases toxins that kill bacteria and parasites but also causes tissue damage |
front 27 IgA | back 27 Found in mucous, saliva, tears, and breast milk. Protects against pathogens. |
front 28 IgD | back 28 Part of the B cell receptor. Activates basophils and mast cells. |
front 29 IgE | back 29 Protects against parasitic worms. Responsible for allergic reactions. |
front 30 IgG | back 30 Secreted by plasma cells in the blood. Able to cross the placenta into the fetus. |
front 31 IgM | back 31 May be attached to the surface of a B cell or secreted into the blood. Responsible for early stages of immunity. |
front 32 IgE-mediated hypersensitivity (type I) | back 32 IgE is BOUND to mast cells via its Fc portion. When an allergen binds to these antibodies, crosslinking of IgE induces degranulation. Caused localized and systemic anaphylaxis, seasonal allergies including hay fever, food allergies such as those to shellfish and peanuts, hives and eczema. |
front 33 IgG-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity (type II) | back 33 Cells are destroyed by bound antibody, either by activation of complement or by a cytotoxic T cell with an Fc receptor for the antibody (ADCC) Red blood cells destroyed by complement and antibody during a transfusion of mismatched blood type of during erythroblastosis fetalis |
front 34 Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity (type III) | back 34 Antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in tissues, causing activation of complement, which attracts neutrophils to the site Most common forms of immune complex disease are seen in glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. |
front 35 Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity (type IV) | back 35 Th1 cells secrete cytokines, which activate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells and can cause macrophage accumulation at the site. Most common forms are contact dermatitis, tuberculin reaction, autoimmune diseases such as diabetes mellitus type I, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. |
front 36 Cells found in the innate immune system | back 36 Hematopoietic cells: macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, T cells Non-hematopoietic cells: epithelial cells (skin, airways, gastrointestinal tract) |
front 37 Cells found in the adaptive immune system | back 37 Hematopoietic cells: T cells, B cells |
front 38 Molecules in the Innate immune system | back 38 Cytokines, complement, proteins and glycoprotein |
front 39 Molecules in the adaptive immune system | back 39 Antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgE, IgD, IgA), cytokines |
front 40 the response time of the innate immune system is | back 40 immediate |
front 41 the response time of the adaptive immune system is | back 41 delayed by hours to days |
front 42 The immunologic memory of the innate immune system is | back 42 None, responses are the same with each exposure |
front 43 the immunologic memory of the adaptive immune system is | back 43 the responsiveness is enhanced by repeated antigen exposure |
front 44 Complement cascade | back 44 - 20 types of proteins from liver and macrophages - opsonization |
front 45 neutralization | back 45 antibodies prevent a virus or toxic protein from binding their target |
front 46 opsonization | back 46 a pathogen tagged by antibodies is consumed by a macrophage or neutrophil |
front 47 complement activation | back 47 antibodies attached to the surface of a pathogen cell activate the complement system ` |
front 48 affinity | back 48 the strength of a single antibody-antigen interaction. Each IgG antigen binding site typically has high affinity for its target |
front 49 avidity | back 49 refers to the strength of all interactions combined. IgM typically has low affinity antigen binding sites, but there are ten of them, so avidity is high |
front 50 immunoglobulins characteristics | back 50 -Made of four protein chains; two identical light chains; two identical heavy chains; chains are joined by disulfide links - Variable regions -Constant regions |
front 51 Naturally acquired – adaptive immunity | back 51 Active: antigens enter the body naturally; body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes Passive: antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via the mother’s milk |
front 52 Artificially acquired – adaptive immunity | back 52 Active: antigens are introduced in vaccines; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes Passive: preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection |
front 53 Humoral/antibody mediated immunity | back 53 - mediated by B cells (memory, affector) - antibodies -dendritic cells -APC - mature in bone marrow |
front 54 Cellular/ cell mediated immunity | back 54 -mediated by T cells (antigen presenting cells; macrophages and dendritic cells) -T lymphocytes: helper (CD4), cytotoxic (CD8), memory, suppressor, NK -Mature in Thymus |
front 55 MHC I | back 55 binds peptide fragments derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T cells. cell surface recognition elements expressed on virtually all somatic cells |
front 56 PAMPS | back 56 signature molecules expressed by pathogens, recognized by PRRs |
front 57 PRRs | back 57 detect distinct evolutionarily conserved structures on pathogens (PAMPS) recognize cellular injury as well |
front 58 The first responders at the site of infection are | back 58 neutrophils |
front 59 principal phagocytic cell | back 59 macrophage |