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Mitigated speech is when speakers try to reduce the
emphasis or value of something or say something in a more pleasing
manner. It is used to show respect, honor, or submission to those in
authority.
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Euphemisms substitute mild or vague phrases for
statements that may embarrassing or upsetting.
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Rhetoric is the art or technique of using language
effectively to persuade the reader.
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Parallelism involves the repetition of a
grammatical structure.
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Antithesis is a rhetorical tool that succinctly and
directly describes two opposing ideas in the same sentence, or one
right after the other. The brevity and proximity of the two ideas
demonstrates the stark contrast between them.
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Primary sources include diaries and journals,
speeches, interviews, objects, photos, and recordings — anything
that does not rely on hearsay. Legal documents and reports recorded
immediately or soon after the event are also often considered
primary sources.
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Secondary sources are created from primary sources
and offer an interpretation of those primary sources.
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| back 12 - "Squaw" is an antiquated term for a native-American
woman. It was more commonly used in the 1800s, and using it today
would be offensive.
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Science writing takes complex concepts from
scientific research and communicates them in a clear, concise way
that a general audience can understand.
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Technical writing is designed to give instructions
and other information in the clearest, most straightforward way
possible.
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Infographics (information graphics) | back 15 -
Infographics (information graphics) are diagrams,
charts, and graphs that communicate information quickly and
clearly.
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Jargon or specialized vocabulary | back 16 -
Jargon or specialized vocabulary
are terms and ways of using words which are particular to a specific
professional field.
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| back 17 - A logical fallacy is an argument that that
cannot be true because it breaks the rules of reasoning.
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Informal fallacies are common methods of making
arguments that prompt readers and audiences to make assumptions
based on flawed reasoning or incorrect information.
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| back 19 - A premise is an idea or piece of information
that is expressed, implied, or accepted as true by the person
putting forth an argument.
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Non-sequitur means "does not follow." A
non-sequitur is a non-valid argument. For example: People from
Mexico City are from Mexico. Juan is not from Mexico City;
therefore, he is not Mexican.
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| back 21 - A straw man argument distorts, exaggerates, or
oversimplifies someone's viewpoint and then attacks that version of
the claim. For example: Person 1 — We should consider small cuts
to the city parks budget. Person 2 — You want to close parks and
deprive children of park services!
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| back 22 - A bandwagon argument assumes that the more
popular and trendy an idea is, the more likely it is to be true. For
example: More and more people are using coconut oil in place of
other types of oil, so it must be a healthier choice.
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| back 23 - A slippery slope is present when someone
argues, with insufficient supporting evidence, against allowing or
enabling a certain event because that event will cause a chain of
other, loosely related events to occur. For example: If we allow
town residents to have chickens in their yard, soon it will be
legal to keep horses and cows, and some residents will end up
having small zoos!
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| back 24 - An ad hominem argument attacks the person or
group making the argument instead of focusing on the content of the
claim. For example: We should ignore Jake's ideas about
immigration because he spent time in jail.
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Ethos is an appeal to the character of the speaker
or writer to establish why he or she should be trusted.
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Pathos is an appeal to the reader's/audience's
emotions.
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Logos is an appeal to reason and logic using facts,
examples, statistics, etc. to support ideas.
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| back 28 - A counterargument is a claim that opposes your
own claim.
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| back 29 - The classical argument is a five-part pattern
that the Greeks developed to make a claim, often in court. The
method is still used in debate today.
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| back 30 - A visual aid is any tool such as an illustration, a graph, a
chart, a photograph, or a drawing that helps an audience understand
and retain information.
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