front 1 What is a microscopic, unicellular organism that lacks nuclei and membrane bound organelles | back 1 Prokaryotes |
front 2 What is unicellular and multicellular, nuclei and membrane bound organelles? | back 2 Eukaryotes |
front 3 What are the subgroups of Eukaryotes? | back 3 Fungi, protozoa, Helminths |
front 4 What are acellular microbes? | back 4 Viruses and prions |
front 5 What is the correct way to write a binomial name for a microorganism | back 5 - the genus and the specific epithet - The genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is lowercase |
front 6 What is the taxonomic categories? | back 6 Domain, kingdom, class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
front 7 What are the five Is? | back 7 Inoculation, incubation, isolation, inspection, identification |
front 8 What is producing a culture in the 5 Is? | back 8 Inoculation |
front 9 What is growing the inoculum under the right conditions in the 5 Is? | back 9 Incubation |
front 10 What is a chemically defined media? | back 10 Exact chemical composition is known |
front 11 What is a complex media? | back 11 Digests of meat, yeasts, or plants |
front 12 What is a reducing media? | back 12 Contain chemicals that combine O2 (Thioglycollate) |
front 13 What is magnification? | back 13 The ability to enlarge objects |
front 14 What is resolution? | back 14 The capacity to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects and depends on |
front 15 What is the refractive index? | back 15 A measure of light bending the ability of a medium |
front 16 What are common stains of a simple stain? | back 16 Crystal violet, Safranin, and Methylene blue |
front 17 What is a differential stain? | back 17 Uses 2 dyes to differentiate between 2 cell types or cell parts |
front 18 What kind of stain is a Acid-Fast stain and what is it useful for? | back 18 Differential stain and it is useful for mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. Leprae (Actinomycete) |
front 19 What are the external structures of bacteria? | back 19 Glycocalyx, motility (flagella and axial filaments), Attachments (fimbriae and pili) |
front 20 What is the purpose of glycocalyx? | back 20 Protects cells from dehydration and nutrient loss |
front 21 What are the two types of glycocalyx? | back 21 Slime layer, Capsule |
front 22 What are the two types of motility appendages for prokaryotes? | back 22 Flagella and periplasmic flagella |
front 23 What is monotrichous? | back 23 Single flagellum at one end |
front 24 What is lophotrichous? | back 24 Small bunches at the same site |
front 25 What is amphitrichous? | back 25 Flagella at both ends |
front 26 What is petrichous? | back 26 Flagella dispersed over surface of a cell |
front 27 What does the cell wall do? | back 27 Determines shape, prevents lysis |
front 28 What does the cell membrane do? | back 28 Providing site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis |
front 29 What is a prokaryotic cell membrane composed of? | back 29 Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins |
front 30 What is in the cell cytoplasm in prokaryotes? | back 30 Nucleoid, Ribosomes, inclusions and granules, and endospores |
front 31 What are inclusions and granules in Prokaryotes? | back 31 intracellular storage bodies |
front 32 What produces endospores? | back 32 Gram + genera |
front 33 What two stages do endospores have and what do they do? | back 33 Vegetative cell - metabolically active and growing Endospore - when exposed to adverse environmental conditions; metabolically inactive |
front 34 What is germination? | back 34 Germination - Return to vegetative growth |
front 35 What is sporulation? | back 35 Formation of endospores |
front 36 What is the chemical composition of Gram + cell walls? | back 36 Peptidoglycan, lipotechoic acid, techoic acid, mycolic acid, and pollysaccharides |
front 37 What is the chemical composition of Gram - cell walls | back 37 Lipopolysaccharides, porin proteins, lipoprotein, peptidoglycan |
front 38 What is the bacterial arrangements of coccus? | back 38 Singles Diplococci Tetrads - groups of four Chains - strepto Clusters - Staphylo Cubical packets - sarcina |
front 39 What is the bacterial arrangements for bacillus? | back 39 Diplobacilli Chains - strepto Palisades |
front 40 What are the internal structures of Eukaryotes? | back 40 Endoplasmic reticulum - SER, RER Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Lysosomes Phagosomes Cytoskeleton Vacoules |
front 41 What is a lysosome? | back 41 Vesicles containing enzymes that originate from the Golgi Apparatus |
front 42 What does the golgi apparatus do? | back 42 Modifies, stores, and packages proteins |
front 43 What does the RER synthesize? | back 43 Protein |
front 44 What does the SER synthesize? | back 44 lipids |
front 45 What is the difference between flagella in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes | back 45 They are in a 9+2 arrangement 10X thicker than prokaryotic |
front 46 What is the difference between cillia in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes | back 46 Shorter and more numerous Found on only one single group of protozoa |
front 47 What is the 6 step life cycle of animal viruses | back 47 Adsorption Penetration - Endocytosis and fusion Uncoating Synthesis Assembly Release - Lysis and budding |
front 48 What is a capsid? | back 48 Protein coats that enclose and protect their nucleic acid |
front 49 What is a capsid composed of? | back 49 identical subunits called capsomers |
front 50 What is a viral envelope acquired? | back 50 When the virus leaves the host cell |
front 51 What are spikes? | back 51 Exposed proteins on the outside of the envelope of viruses |
front 52 What enzymes neutralize the byproduct of the utilization of oxygen? | back 52 Superoxide dismutase, catalase |
front 53 What is a facultative anaerobe? | back 53 Both aerobic and anaerobic but greater growth in oxygen |
front 54 What is aerotolerant anaerobes? | back 54 Only anaerobic growth but continues in presence of oxygen |
front 55 What is generation/doubling time? | back 55 The time required for a complete fission cycle for bacteria |
front 56 What is plasmolysis? | back 56 Occurs in a hypertonic solution Water diffusing out of cell causes it to shrink and becomes distorted |
front 57 What roles do macronutrients play in? | back 57 Cell structure and metabolism |
front 58 What roles do micronutrients play in? | back 58 Enzyme function and maintenance of proteins |
front 59 What does fermentation do? | back 59 Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules |
front 60 What is negative feedback? | back 60 Noncompetitive inhibition The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway |
front 61 What does alcohol fermentation produce? | back 61 Ethanol and CO2 |
front 62 What is an apoenzyme? | back 62 The protein portion of the enzyme |
front 63 What is a holoenzyme? | back 63 Contains a protein and some other nonprotein molecules |
front 64 What is a cofactor? | back 64 Nonprotein part Coenzyme (organic) Metals (inorganic) |
front 65 What is commercial sterilization? | back 65 Killing C. Botulinum endospores |
front 66 What is degerming? | back 66 removing microbes from a limited area |
front 67 What is 2 ways to test for chemical effectiveness? | back 67 Use Dilution Kirby Bauer test |
front 68 What methods test for antimicrobial susceptibility | back 68 Kirby Bauer test E-Test Diffusion test |
front 69 A therapeutic index is the ratio of ... | back 69 The dose of the drug that is toxic to humans compared to its MIC |
front 70 What are conditions that provide opportunities for opportunistic pathogen? | back 70 Introduction of microbiota into unusual site in body Immune suppression Changes in normal microbiota Changes in relative abundance |
front 71 What are three ways a pathogen survives host defenses? | back 71 Avoiding phagocytosis, avoiding death inside phagocyte, absence of specific immunity |
front 72 What are four ways a pathogen attaches firmly to a body? | back 72 Fimbriae, capsules, surface proteins, spikes |
front 73 What are the four major pathways for portals of entry? | back 73 Skin, mucous membranes, placenta, parenteral route |
front 74 What bacteria are endotoxins? | back 74 Gram - |
front 75 What is pathogenecity? | back 75 The ability for a microorganism to cause disease |
front 76 What are 2 antiphagocytic factors? | back 76 Bacterial capsule - slipppery; difficult to engulf Anitphagocytic chemicals - prevent fusion of lysosome and leukocidins directly destroy phagocytic WBC |
front 77 What is Iatrogenic? | back 77 An infection that resulted from modern medical procedures |
front 78 What protein allows for opsonization? | back 78 C3b |
front 79 What proteins allow for inflammation? | back 79 C3a and C5a |
front 80 What proteins allow for Membrane Attack complex? | back 80 C5b-C9 |
front 81 What does CD8 cells cause? | back 81 Apoptosis (cell death) |