front 1 What media is used for the citrate utilization test? | back 1 Simmons citrate agar slant - Bromothymol blue - pH indicator - Citrate - source of carbon - Ammonium ion (NH4) - Nitrogen source |
front 2 What is the citrate utilization test used for? | back 2 To determine if an organism can use citrate as the sole source of carbon |
front 3 What are the by-products of citrate utilization? | back 3 NH4 -> NH3 (elevated pH) |
front 4 What are the observations and results of Citrate utilization? | back 4 Blue color - Positive result Green Color - Negative result |
front 5 What is the interpretation of Citrate utilization? | back 5 Positive = produces citrate permeate and uses citrate as the sole carbon source negative = Does not produce citrate permeate and cannot use citrate as the sole carbon source |
front 6 What is the media used in glucose fermentation? | back 6 Broth agar Glucose - carbohydrate Phenol red - pH indicator Peptone - protein (amino acid) digestion Durham tube |
front 7 What is the Glucose fermentation test used for? | back 7 To determine if microbes are capable of using fermentation to metabolize glucose (carbohydrates) |
front 8 What are the by-products of Glucose Fermentation? | back 8 CO2 Ammonia (elevated pH) |
front 9 What are the observations and results of Glucose Fermentation? | back 9 Yellow = positive red = negative Pink in tube = positive for deamination Yellow in tube = positive |
front 10 What is the interpretation of Glucose Fermentation? | back 10 Yellow = ferments sugar Red = negative for fermentation Pink inside/outside the tube = positive for deamination and digests proteins Yellow inside tube = quick fermenter and ferments sugar |
front 11 What is the media used for nitrate Reduction? | back 11 - Beef extract, peptones, nitrates, and other nutrients - Durham tube |
front 12 What is the purpose of the Nitrate Reduction test? | back 12 To test if the microbe is capable of reducing nitrate |
front 13 What are the byproducts of Nitrate reduction? | back 13 Nitrite (NO2-) Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Nitrogen Gas (N2) |
front 14 What are the observations and results of Nitrate Reduction? | back 14 Bubbles in Durham tube -> positive No bubbles: adding reagents A and B make it red -> Positive No bubbles: adding reagents A and B make no change: No color change with Zinc -> positive |
front 15 What is the interpretation of Nitrate Reduction? | back 15 Bubbles in Durham tube -> positive for denitrification No bubbles: adding reagents A and B make it red -> Positive for nitrite reduction; partial reduction No bubbles: adding reagents A and B make no change: No color change with Zinc -> positive for either nitric oxide or nitrous oxide; partial reduction |
front 16 What is the media used in Urea Utilization? | back 16 Urea agar (peach colored) Urea Phenol red Glucose |
front 17 What is Urea utilization used to test? | back 17 If the bacterium can produce the enzyme urease and hydrolyze urea |
front 18 What is the byproduct of the urea utilization? | back 18 Deamination Urea -> NH3 (ammonia) Elevated pH |
front 19 What are the observations and results of Urea Utilization? | back 19 Hot pink -> positive (Basic) Peach/yellow -> negative (Acidic) |
front 20 What is the interpretation of urea utilization? | back 20 Positive = hydrolyzes urea and is positive for the production of urease Negative = Does not hydrolyze urea and is negative for the production of urease |
front 21 What is the media used in Mannitol Salt Agar? | back 21 Mannitol Salt Agar 7.5% salt Phenol red Mannitol - carbohydrate (sugar) |
front 22 What is the purpose of Mannitol Salt Agar? | back 22 To test for the presence of halophiles and the fermentation of mannitol |
front 23 What is the byproduct of Mannitol Salt Agar? | back 23 elevated pH |
front 24 What are the observations and results of Mannitol Salt Agar? | back 24 Growth + yellow color = positive Growth + red color = positive and negative No growth = negative |
front 25 What is interpretation for Mannitol Salt Agar? | back 25 Growth + yellow color = halophile, mannitol fermenter Growth + red color = Halophile, not a mannitol fermenter No growth = not a halophile |
front 26 What are the 3 microbes used for the Mannitol Salt agar and what are their results? | back 26 Escherichia coli - No growth - not a halophile Staphylococcus Saprophyticus - halophile: ferments mannitol Staphylococcus epidermidis - halophile: does not ferment mannitol |
front 27 What is the media used for Beta-Lactamase? | back 27 Nitrocefin disc |
front 28 What is the purpose of the Beta-Lactamase test? | back 28 To determine if the organism is susceptible or resistant to B-Lactam drugs |
front 29 What is the byproduct of the Beta-Lactamase test? | back 29 NONE |
front 30 What are the observations and results of the Beta-Lactamase test? | back 30 Pink Disc - Positive No color change - Negative |
front 31 What is the interpretation of the Beta-Lactamase test? | back 31 Pink Disc - Produces B-Lactamase and is resistant to B-Lactam drugs No color change - Does not produce B-Lactamase and is not resistance to B-Lactam drugs |
front 32 What is the media used in the Kirby-Bauer Test? | back 32 Mueller Hinton Agar |
front 33 What is the purpose of the Kirby-Bauer Test? | back 33 To test a bacterium's susceptibility to a specific antibiotic |
front 34 What is the byproduct of the Kirby-Bauer Test? | back 34 Nothing |
front 35 What is the Observation and interpretation of the Kirby Bauer test? | back 35 The zone of inhibition - area of no bacteria growth If zone is more than the stated threshold = susceptible to the antibiotic If the zone is less than the state threshold = resistant to the antibiotic |
front 36 What is the media used in the Use dilution test? | back 36 Agar broth |
front 37 What is the purpose of the Use Dilution test? | back 37 To determine the MIC of a disinfectant or antiseptic that will effectively inhibit the growth of the bacteria |
front 38 What are the observations and results of the Use Dilution test? | back 38 Positive control - tests for viability Negative control - tests for sterility of bead Concentration is clear - lowest clear concentration is the MIC |
front 39 What does the B-Lactam drug do? | back 39 Interfers with the peptidoglycan synthesis in growing and reproducing bacterial cells |
front 40 What happens if a microbe contains the enzyme B-Lactamase? | back 40 They can render B-Lactam drugs ineffective |
front 41 How are the Mueller Hinton agar plates poured for the Kirby-Bauer tests? | back 41 With an exact amount of agar so every plate is identical and poured to the same depth to assure equal diffusion |
front 42 What is the difference between antiseptics and disinfectants? which test tests for this? | back 42 Antiseptic - chemicals that inhibit microbial growth on living tissue Disinfectant - Chemicals that inhibit microbial growth on surfaces |
front 43 The MIC of the solutions are at a concentration that is ____ and ____ to handle | back 43 Effective and safe |
front 44 MSA is selective for _____ MSA is differential for _____ _____ | back 44 Halophiles Mannitol fermentation |
front 45 What are resident microbes? | back 45 Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts that are harmless under normal conditions |
front 46 What are transient microbes? | back 46 Easily removed from the skin, and are highly varied (gram+ to Gram -) |
front 47 What is the enzyme Citrate permease do? | back 47 Transport citrate into the cell and metabolize it |
front 48 What happens when we add reagents A and B to the Nitrate Reduction test and it turns red? | back 48 It has the enzyme nitrate reductase and has reduced nitrate to nitrite |
front 49 Why is zinc to pink and negative result for nitrate reduction? | back 49 Zinc is a catalyst and it will reduce any nitrate present to nitrite. The zinc caused the reaction. If the organism was able to reduce nitrate, there wouldn't be any in the tube |
front 50 what is a selective medium? | back 50 specialized medium that contains the ingredients that inhibit the growth of some microbes and encourage the growth of others |
front 51 What is a differential medium? | back 51 specialized medium that contains ingredients that allow microbiologists to distinguish between different species of bacteria by visual observations |
front 52 What are biochemical tests? | back 52 Used to identify species of microbes by differentiating them on the basis of their biochemical activities |