front 1 What is the molecule of the 21st century? | back 1 DNA |
front 2 GMO stands for | back 2 Genetically modified organisms |
front 3 Who was the first animal to be cloned? | back 3 Dolly the sheep, in 1997 |
front 4 Genetic engineering is | back 4 the MANIPULATION of DNA |
front 5 Ligases- | back 5 CLOSE (ligates or unite) a fragment of DNA to vector DNA |
front 6 Restriction endonucleases- | back 6 OPEN (cleave or splice) DNA at specific palindromic sequences. fragments can be joined at the sticky ends. these enzymes are also involved in the inactivation of viral genomes |
front 7 reverse transcriptase- | back 7 converts mRNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) devoid of introns In SARS, first the RNA is converted to DNA in PCR |
front 8 What is gel electrophoresis? | back 8 the use of electrical current through an agarose gel. DNA that is negatively charged will migrate towards the positive end of the pole. This allows fragments to travel based on their molecular weight. The results are compared to a control. |
front 9 Describe a gene probe | back 9 a segment of DNA or RNA of a known sequence that can base-pair with a stretch of DNA that has a complementary sequence. short, single strands of 6 to 25 nucleotides called oligonucleotides are used as gene probes |
front 10 Southern Blot | back 10 Separates fragments of DNA using electrophoresis and identifies them using hybridization |
front 11 Northern blot | back 11 Separates fragments of RNA using electrophoresis and identifies them using hybridization |
front 12 Western blot | back 12 Separates fragments of PROTEIN using electrophoresis and identifies them using hybridization |
front 13 HIV is tested by | back 13 using the ELISA test which can give a false positive; using southern blot can be used to confirm. |
front 14 DNA sequencing is | back 14 determination of actual order and types of bases in a 5' to 3' direction in a segment of DNA. Done with 'automatic sequencing machines' (rate of mistakes: 1 in 1000 bases) |
front 15 Human genome was advanced by who ? | back 15 by Francis Collins and Craig Venter in 2001, it took 10 years to develop |
front 16 There are about ___________ base pairs of DNA code for only about ___________ genes. Humans share _____ of their genome with chimpanzees, _______ with mice, and _______ with rice plants | back 16 3.1 billion, 22,000, 90%. 80%, 60% |
front 17 Human genomes vary only ________ among individuals | back 17 0.1% |
front 18 DNA properties regarding temperature | back 18 - high temp (90-95 degrees Celsius) separates the strands, revealing information contained in their bases. - with the nucleotides exposed, it can be easily identified, replicated, or transcribed. - when slowly cooled down, nucleotides form to denature the strand this is the basis for PCR |
front 19 PCR is | back 19 the amplification of fragments of nucleic acids for further analysis, it uses specialized DNA polymerases isolated from thermophilic bacteria (Taq- from Thermus aquaticus) |
front 20 The steps for PCR are | back 20 -Denaturation (@ 94 degrees Celsius) - priming (annealing) oligonucleotide primers attach at ends of strands to promote replication (@ 50–65 degrees Celsius) - Extension (@ 72 degrees Celsius) DNAP nucleotides are added to produce 2 complete strands |
front 21 Most DNA polymerases do NOT survive in | back 21 heat |
front 22 Transfection is | back 22 process by which foreign genes are introduced into organisms |
front 23 Transformation is | back 23 forcing DNA into bacteria, can also be done by shotgunning |
front 24 Genetic engineering is | back 24 open policy of sharing to the world |
front 25 Biotech engineering | back 25 make patents, interested in money |
front 26 Agrobacterium tumefaciums | back 26 cancer, tumor in plants |
front 27 Crown gall is | back 27 plant cancer, found on roots |
front 28 Bacillus therogenesis | back 28 killed worms that ate the nodules that produced nitrogen fixation from plants |