front 1 Gregor Mendel | back 1 the father of Modern Genetics Austrian monk who studied the inheritance patterns in pea plants |
front 2 P Generation | back 2 the starting generation of purebred plants that Mendel used in his experiments Fore instance, a purebred purple flowering pea plant |
front 3 F1 generation | back 3 1st filial Cross between the members of the P generation For example, Mendel crossed the Purple Flower Purebred with the White Flower Purebred pea plants All the offspring were purple |
front 4 F2 Generation | back 4 2nd filial generation Mendel allowed the members of the F1 generation to self-pollinate The offspring had a 3:1 ratio of purple to white flowers |
front 5 Self pollinate | back 5 Mendel was able to combine the male and female gametes from the same plant |
front 6 Cross pollinate | back 6 when the gametes from two different plants are combined Can be done by hand, wind, insects, etc. |
front 7 allele | back 7 the different forms of a trait For instance an allele for yellow seeds or an allele for green seeds |
front 8 dominant trait | back 8 the trait that is expressed if present this allele is represented by a capital letter (P=purple) |
front 9 recessive trait | back 9 in order to be expressed the individual must inherit 2 copies of this allele this allele is represented by a lower case letter (p=white) |
front 10 homozygous | back 10 the individual has two of the same alleles (RR or rr) |
front 11 heterozygous | back 11 the individual has two different alleles (Rr) |
front 12 genotype | back 12 the type of alleles present for a gene (TT) |
front 13 phenotype | back 13 the physical appearance or expression of the genotype for example TT= tall plant |
front 14 Punnett Square | back 14 tool used to predict the probability of having offspring with certain traits male alleles go on the top of the square, female alleles on the left side |
front 15 incomplete dominance | back 15 inheritance pattern where there is a blend of the two different alleles for a trait. The phenotype of a heterozygote show an intermediate between the 2 alleles For instance RW for a four o'clock flower represents the incomplete dominant trait of pink flowers |
front 16 codominant | back 16 two alleles are both dominant and both expressed in the phenotype |
front 17 polygenic | back 17 trait that is controlled by more than one gene For example, skin color |
front 18 sex-influenced traits | back 18 traits that are turned on or off by the presence of male or female hormones |
front 19 sex-linked trait | back 19 traits that are carried on the X or Y chromosome |
front 20 autosome | back 20 a typical body chromosome (numbered in humans from 1-22) |
front 21 sex chromosomes | back 21 X or Y |
front 22 XX | back 22 female |
front 23 XY | back 23 male |
front 24 Multiple alleles | back 24 when a trait can have more than 2 alleles and a heirarchy exists in the dominance Example: Blood Type, hair color |
front 25 Karyotype | back 25 a picture of the chromosomes in a cell helps to identify chromosome number and structure as well as sex of the individual |
front 26 pedigree | back 26 a genetic family tree that traces inheritance patterns |
front 27 circle in pedigree | back 27 female |
front 28 square in pedigree | back 28 male |
front 29 horizontal line between circle and square in pedigree | back 29 marriage |
front 30 vertical line and bracket in pedigree | back 30 children of the two individuals they are connected to |
front 31 roman numerals in pedigrees | back 31 the generation number |
front 32 digits (numbers) in pedigrees | back 32 represents the individuals in the family |
front 33 germ cell mutation | back 33 a mutation that occurs in an egg or sperm will be passed down to the offspring |
front 34 somatic cell mutation | back 34 a mutation that happens in a typical body cell like in the skin Will only be experienced by the individual who has the mutation is not passed down to next generation |
front 35 lethal mutation | back 35 mutation where there are so many errors, the cell self-destructs |
front 36 Mendel's Law of Segregation | back 36 members of each pair of alleles are separated when gametes form |
front 37 Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment | back 37 the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait. |
front 38 frameshift mutation | back 38 a mutation in the DNA that results the entire code of the DNA to be chaged from that point on. |
front 39 point mutation | back 39 a mutation that affects only one nucleotide |
front 40 translocation | back 40 when a piece of one chromosome breaks off and joins a different non-homologous chromosome. |
front 41 diploid | back 41 contains two copies of each chromosome (human diploid number 46) |
front 42 haploid | back 42 cells that contain half the genetic info (human haploid number is 23) |
front 43 non-disjunction | back 43 a chromosome mutation when homologous pairs fail to separate in humans |