front 1 Genetic material used to be stored in | back 1 RNA |
front 2 A nucleotide consists of- | back 2 - a nitrogen base - 5 carbon sugar - phosphate group |
front 3 What are the 5 nitrogen bases | back 3 adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil ( in RNA) |
front 4 Which nitrogen bases are purines | back 4 adenine and guanine |
front 5 which nitrogen bases are pyrimidines | back 5 thymine, cytosine, uracil |
front 6 a gene is | back 6 a piece of DNA that codes for a PROTEIN |
front 7 Bacterial DNA appears | back 7 circular, when it is unwound it is up to 1000x its length |
front 8 E.coli has about how many genes | back 8 4000 |
front 9 The average human has about how many genes | back 9 28000 |
front 10 a eukaryotic cell stores its DNA by | back 10 enclosing nucleic acids in nuclear membrane |
front 11 a prokaryotic cell stores its DNA by | back 11 DNA is spread out through the cell |
front 12 What is the purpose for inserting human DNA into a plasmid of bacteria | back 12 it can be replicated and commercialized |
front 13 What does a restriction enzyme do? | back 13 cleaves DNA sequences at sequence specific sites, which produces DNA fragments with a known sequence at the end |
front 14 What is the purpose of ligase | back 14 ligase catalyzes the formation of covalent phosphodiester linkages, which join nucleotides together. |
front 15 What is Translation | back 15 The process of converting a sequence of mRNA into a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis |
front 16 What is transcription | back 16 process by which genetic information from DNA is written into mRNA by RNA polymerase |
front 17 How many nitrogenous bases make a codon | back 17 three |
front 18 How many amino acids are there? | back 18 20 |
front 19 Define a ribosome | back 19 an organelle made of rRNA and a protein -rRNA is used for identification |
front 20 How many Americans die from highly resistant staphylococcus infections? | back 20 50,000 |
front 21 What is a shotgun? | back 21 a tool used to insert DNA into bacteria |
front 22 How many enzymes participate in the replication of DNA | back 22 30 |
front 23 DNA is semi-conservative, which means | back 23 each strand in the DNA double helix will act as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand |
front 24 tRNA is | back 24 in protein synthesis in ribosomes comes from transcription has about 75-80 nitrogen bases are loaded with one amino acid TAKES AMINO ACIDS TO THE RIBOSOME FOR TRANSLATION IN THE A SITE |
front 25 How many combinations of nitrogen bases are there? | back 25 64 combinations - many codons can code for the same amino acid |
front 26 AUG is a | back 26 start codon |
front 27 UAG, UAA, UGA are all | back 27 stop codons |
front 28 The genetic code is | back 28 - the universal language of life - first discovered in bacteria -found in bacteria and humans |
front 29 Which are NOT stop codons in PARAMECIUM? | back 29 UAA and UAG, they code for glutamine instead |
front 30 a bond between two amino acids is called | back 30 a peptide bond |
front 31 The first step of protein synthesis is | back 31 mRNA comes from transcription, and binds to the codon on the A site |
front 32 Second step of protein synthesis | back 32 tRNA brings the complementary bases to the A site |
front 33 Final step of protein synthesis | back 33 the A site products go to the P site, when the P site is full it releases through the E site. |
front 34 How many amino acids are in bacteria | back 34 400 |
front 35 at 37 degrees celcius, about how many amino acids are added to a chain per second? | back 35 12-17 amino acids |
front 36 in bacteria, transcription occurs in the | back 36 cytoplasm |
front 37 in eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the | back 37 nucleus |
front 38 DNA IN BACTERIA IS | back 38 CLEAN |
front 39 IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS, DNA HAS | back 39 SECTIONS THAT CANNOT PRODUCE mRNA - they get "cleaned" by spliceosome- molecule of riboenzyme (made of RNA) |
front 40 an exon is | back 40 clean mRNA; a region in the genome that ends up within an mRNA molecule |
front 41 intron | back 41 junk, segment of DNA or RNA that does not code for proteins |
front 42 what percentage of human DNA is "junk" | back 42 97% |
front 43 What is a product of the electron transport chain | back 43 water |
front 44 the three parts of an enzyme are | back 44 -active site -cofactor -apoenzyme |
front 45 silent/missense mutation | back 45 mutation that does not affect the protein |
front 46 nonsense mutation | back 46 mutation that changes an amino acid producing codon into a STOP CODON, leading to premature termination |
front 47 Frameshift mutation/ insertion or deletion | back 47 mutation which changes the codon reading fram from the point of mutation to the final codon -almost ALWAYS leads to a non functional protein - spontaneous or chemically induced |
front 48 alkylating agents are | back 48 methyl group to guanine, cause it to pair with thymine instead of cytosine - acvidine derivative - distorts helix - partial unwinding of DNA - from x-rays, UV light, gamma rays |
front 49 Deinococcus radiodurans | back 49 bacteria that survives radiation due to its fast repair system |
front 50 Genetic recombination methods are | back 50 conjugation, transformation, transduction |
front 51 conjugation is | back 51 when bacteria transfer genes through th epillus form the plasmid (a DNA accessory) - good for gentic engineering -does not occur often |
front 52 transformation is | back 52 a piece of DNA that enters a live bacteria |
front 53 Transduction is | back 53 when a cell accepts a virus having bacterial DNA instead of viral DNA |
front 54 Transposons are | back 54 jumping genes |
front 55 A palindrome is | back 55 sequences of nitrogenous bases expressed in reverse |
front 56 Barbara McClintock | back 56 discovered why different corn kernels express different colors (transposons) |
front 57 a holoenzyme has | back 57 all the three parts that make an enzyme |
front 58 an enzyme has two site | back 58 active site and allosteric site |
front 59 Fredrick Griffith | back 59 experiment with mice that concluded that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through transformation |