front 1 Benthic | back 1 Lives on the bottom |
front 2 Pelagic | back 2 Swims in the water column |
front 3 chordate features | back 3 Notochord, Postanal tail, Hollow nerve cord, Pharyngeal pouches |
front 4 additional structures vertebrates possess | back 4 Vertebral column, Brain, Myomeres |
front 5 myomeres | back 5 series of muscle segments along the trunk |
front 6 List the three groups of living marine fishes | back 6 Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes |
front 7 Agnatha | back 7 jawless fish |
front 8 Placoderms | back 8
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front 9 Chondrichthyes | back 9
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front 10 Contrast lampreys and hagfishes | back 10 Lampreys- Parasites |
front 11 Osteichthyes | back 11 bony fishes |
front 12 characteristics of cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) | back 12 cartilaginous skeleton, no rib cage, placoid scales, no swim bladder,
exposed gill |
front 13 examples of cartilaginous fishes | back 13 Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras |
front 14 What structure in cartilaginous fishes helps provide buoyancy? | back 14 light cartilage skeleton |
front 15 What structure in boney fishes helps provide buoyancy? | back 15 swim bladders |
front 16 Contrast the placoid scales of cartilageous fishes with the scales of bony fishes | back 16 Placoid scales are little teeth. Bony fish do not have that |
front 17 What is unique about shark teeth | back 17 They have a lot and they get replaced in rows. |
front 18 Claspers | back 18 Male sex organ |
front 19 Spiracle | back 19 Holes that takes in water and shoots it out the gills |
front 20 spiral valve | back 20 A modification of the ileum, the spiral valve is internally twisted or coiled to increase the surface area of the intestine which increases nutrient absorption |
front 21 Ampullae of Lorenzini | back 21 Detect weak electrical fields |
front 22 nictitating membranes | back 22 Eyelids |
front 23 Contrast the two groups of bony fishes | back 23 Ray-finned fishes, or Actinopterygii. Lobe-finned fishes, or Sarcopterygii, which includes the coelacanths and lungfishes. |
front 24 Recognize these characteristics of bony fishes (Osteichthyes): | back 24 bony skeleton, rib cage, overlapping cycloid or ctenoid scales, swim bladder, operculum-covered gill slits, terminal mouth, homocercal caudal fins, more anterior pelvic fin, and high pectoral fins |
front 25 fish shapes | back 25 fusiform, laterally compressed, depressed, and eel-like |
front 26 fusiform | back 26 streamlined |
front 27 Laterally compressed | back 27 flattened from side to side |
front 28 Depressed | back 28 Flattened from top to bottom |
front 29 Eel like | back 29 looks like an eel |
front 30 Chromatophore | back 30 cell with pigment/changes color by stretching |
front 31 Countershading | back 31 Dark on top/light bottom |
front 32 Warning coloration | back 32 bright colors/ indicates venom |
front 33 cryptic coloration | back 33 camouflage/change color |
front 34 disruptive coloration | back 34 patterns break up the outline of the fish |
front 35 Eye spot | back 35 brings attention away from the head |
front 36 Why does the intestine tend to be longer in herbivores? | back 36 So they have time to absorb nutrients |
front 37 Contrast the cloaca of cartilaginous fishes with the separate anus
and urogenital | back 37 Bony fish have two openings |
front 38 Describe the circulatory system of marine fishes | back 38 Fish have two-chambered hearts, blood circulates to the gills and the rest of the body |
front 39 Describe the difference in the respiratory system between
cartilaginous and bony | back 39 sharks have spiracles. Fish take in water throught the mouth and out the gills |
front 40 Structure of Gills | back 40 •Gill Arches |
front 41 countercurrent system of flowHow does countercurrent system of flow help fish extract oxygen from water? | back 41 Blood in gills flows in the opposite direction to water |
front 42 How does countercurrent system of flow help fish extract oxygen from water? | back 42 moves water more efficiently |
front 43 hemoglobin | back 43 Protein on RBC that carries O2 & CO2 |
front 44 myoglobin | back 44 -Protein in muscles that stores O2 |
front 45 Contrast osmoregulation in bony fishes vs. cartilaginous fishes | back 45 –S.W. Boney fish –Cartilaginous fish |
front 46 Explain how marine fishes are able to sense their surroundings
through smell, | back 46 these senses can detect what is around them at all times. |
front 47 barbels | back 47 Whisker like organs near mouth on many bottom feeders |
front 48 neuromasts | back 48 Canals lined w/ sensory cells |
front 49 What are some possible benefits of schooling in fish? | back 49 –Avoid predation |
front 50 Contrast the terms “anadromous” and “catadromous.” | back 50 Anadromous live in saltwater but breed in freshwater and Catadromous lives in freshwater and breeds in saltwater |
front 51 simultaneous hermaphrodites | back 51 has both sets of sex organs throughout life |
front 52 sequential hermaphrodites | back 52 organism is born as one sex but has the ability to change into the other sex |
front 53 What reproductive strategy predominates in cartilaginous fish | back 53 internal fertilization |
front 54 What reproductive strategy predominates in bony fish | back 54 releases thousand of minute eggs into the water where they are fertilized externally by sperm |
front 55 oviparous | back 55 egg birth |
front 56 ovoviviparous | back 56 egg live birth |
front 57 viviparous | back 57 live birth |
front 58 List the four classes of air-breathing tetrapods | back 58 •Amphibia (some-what) |
front 59 What does it mean to say that their body fluids are “hypotonic” to sea water? | back 59 Less salt inside their bodies than ocean |
front 60 Are amphibians strictly terrestrial? | back 60 Yes |
front 61 major characteristics of reptiles | back 61 Nasal glands (secrete salt) and special kidneys, Shelled egg requiring incubation |
front 62 4 groups of living marine reptiles | back 62 crocodiles, Snakes, turtles, iguanas |
front 63 Name an extinct marine reptile | back 63 Ichthyosaurs |
front 64 How does sea snake reproduction differ from other marine reptiles? | back 64 Sea snakes are ovoviviparous |
front 65 Describe the life cycle of a sea turtle | back 65 lay eggs, run for their life, and come back to the same beach they were born at. |
front 66 why so many sea turtle eggs hatch simultaneously | back 66 possibly the moon or the CO2 levels |
front 67 List several perils sea turtle eggs and hatchlings face | back 67 seagulls, gosht crabs other animals |
front 68 What is a “Turtle Excluder Device” (TED) | back 68 it is a whole in nets to release turtles |
front 69 List the major characteristics of marine birds | back 69 • Endotherms |
front 70 What criteria are used to categorize a bird as a “seabird”? | back 70 These birds have well-developed glands near these bill tubes that allow them to consume seawater and then excrete salt from the solution |
front 71 How are penguins different from other marine birds? | back 71 •Flightless |
front 72 How are “shorebirds” different from marine birds? | back 72 The seabirds depend on the open water to forage on fish and small invertebrates. The shorebirds are the camouflaged birds that can found along the shore, using their specialized beaks to poke in the sandy areas to forage for invertebrates |
front 73 List the major characteristics of marine mammals | back 73 •Viviparous |
front 74 Order Carnivora | back 74 seals, sea lions, walruses, sea otters, and polar bears |
front 75 Suborder Pinnipedia | back 75 seals, sea lions, walruses |
front 76 Order Sirenia | back 76 manatees, and sea cows |
front 77 Order Cetacea | back 77 dolphins, whales |
front 78 Distinguish “sea lions” from “seals." | back 78 sea lions are better equipped for land and seals are better equipped for water |
front 79 cetaceans | back 79 •Terrestrial ancestors |
front 80 2 suborders of cetaceans | back 80 •Suborder Mysticeti |
front 81 baleen | back 81 used for filtering food from the water |
front 82 convergent evolution” | back 82 Different species develop similar structures because they have similar lifestyles |
front 83 homologous structures | back 83 same body parts develop differently because they are used differently |
front 84 vestigial structures | back 84 parts of a body without a use |
front 85 vocalization | back 85 communication |
front 86 breaching | back 86 when a whale leaps out of the water |
front 87 spying | back 87 a whale or dolphin raises its head vertically above the water, then slips back below the surface |
front 88 beaching | back 88 jumps on a beach in order to get prey |
front 89 How would you describe the intelligence of whales | back 89 smart |
front 90 describe whale migrations | back 90 • Summer |
front 91 internal sex organs | back 91 sex organs inside the body for warmth |
front 92 harems | back 92 a group of female animals sharing a single mate |
front 93 bachelor groups | back 93 group of males |
front 94 3rd party male | back 94 helps hold the others so the don't float off while mating |
front 95 marine mammal adaptations for long, deep dives | back 95 blowholes, and myoglobin |
front 96 melon | back 96 giant forehead, function like antenna, receiving incoming sound |
front 97 What roles do vocalizations play in marine mammal groups | back 97 talk to one another |
front 98 Explain how echolocation functions in many marine mammals | back 98 rely on sound to acoustically sense their surroundings, communicate, locate food, and protect themselves underwater |