front 1 Rationale for Radiation Protections | back 1 1. Purpose of radiation protection 2. Early Effects of Radiation 3. Late Effects of Radiation |
front 2 Purpose of radiation protection | back 2 lesson likelihood of occurences |
front 3 Early Effects of radiation | back 3 when human cells respond to high doses of radiation within minutes, days, or weeks post exposure |
front 4 What do early effects of radiation include? | back 4 hematologic depression erythema chromosomal damage gonadal damage death |
front 5 Late Effects of radiation | back 5 if damage to cells is not detected for months or years after radiation exposure |
front 6 Dosimetry | back 6 measurement of ionizing doses to personnel |
front 7 When is monitoring of personnel mandatory? | back 7 when they are likely to receive 10% of the annual effective dose-equivalent limit |
front 8 Types of Dosimeters: | back 8 1. Film Badges 2. Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDS) 3. Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeter (OSL) 4. Pocket Dosimeters |
front 9 What are the advantages of Film Badges? | back 9 -Inexpensive |
front 10 What are the disadvantages of Film Badges? | back 10 -Are not reusable |
front 11 What is the purpose of Film Badges? | back 11 -measures occupational radiation exposure |
front 12 How often are film badges checked? | back 12 Monthly |
front 13 What are the advantages of Thermoluminescent Dosimeters? | back 13 -Can be made very small |
front 14 What are the disadvantages of Thermoluminescent Dosimeters? | back 14 -Cannot be stored as a permanent record |
front 15 What is the purpose of Thermoluminescent Dosimeters? | back 15 -measures personnel exposure usually Nuc Med techs |
front 16 What are Thermoluminescent Dosimeters made of? | back 16 Calcium fluoride crystals |
front 17 As crystals in TLDs heat what do they emit? | back 17 Light |
front 18 How can TLDs be worn? | back 18 At collar level or worn as a ring |
front 19 What are the advantages of Pocket Dosimeters? | back 19 -Provides an immediate exposure reading |
front 20 What are the disadvantages of Pocket Dosimeters? | back 20 -Does not provide a permanent legal record of exposure |
front 21 How often should Pocket Dosimeters be recalibrated? | back 21 Daily |
front 22 What are the advantages of Optically Stimulated | back 22 -Dose measurement range very wide: 1 mrem-1,000 mrem |
front 23 What are the disadvantages of Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeters? | back 23 -More expensive that film badges and TLD |
front 24 What is the purpose of OSLs? | back 24 Calculates personnel exposure by using aluminum oxide crystals |
front 25 Radiation Safety Officer duties: | back 25 1. receiving, using, and disposal of radioactive material 2. conducting radiation surveys 3. monitoring personnel and areas 4. testing for leakage radiation 5. designing protective shielding 6. responding to radiation-related emergencies 7. Radioactive spill decontamination |
front 26 What are Geiger-Muller Detectors used for? | back 26 to detect alpha and beta readings |
front 27 What is another name for ionization chamber? | back 27 Cutie Pie |
front 28 What is the purpose of ionization Chambers? | back 28 measures exposures for x-ray, gamma, alpha, and beta radiation |
front 29 What is the definition for Effective Dose Limit? | back 29 Lowest dose of radiation that will maintain health with no ill effects |
front 30 What does DEL stand for? | back 30 Dose Equivalent Limits |
front 31 What MPD stand for? | back 31 Maximum Permissible Dose |
front 32 Lifeline Limit= ? | back 32 Age |
front 33 Implied Yearly limit is | back 33 100 mrem (1 mSv) |
front 34 Prospective Yearly Limit is ` | back 34 5 rem (50 mSv) |
front 35 Embryo/Fetus/Month is | back 35 .05 rem (.5 mSv) |
front 36 Students under 18 yearly limit is | back 36 .1 rem (1 mSv) |
front 37 Emergency-1 Event per Lifetime is | back 37 50 rem (.5 Sv) |
front 38 DELs are based on what type of relationship? | back 38 linear, non threshold dose response |
front 39 Whole Body Dose Limit | back 39 5 rem (50 mSv) |
front 40 Lens of eye Dose Limit | back 40 15 rem (150 mSv) |
front 41 Skin/Extremities Dose Limit | back 41 50 rem (500 mSv) |
front 42 Whole body cumulative (life time) Dose Limit | back 42 Age x 1 rem (AGe 10 mSv) |
front 43 Fetus (10 month/280 days) Dose Limit | back 43 0.5 rem (5 mSv) |
front 44 Fetus (one month/ 28 days) Dose Limit | back 44 0.05 rem (0.5 mSv) |
front 45 Infrequent Public Exposure | back 45 0.5 rem (5 mSv) |
front 46 Frequent Public Exposure | back 46 0.1 rem (1 mSv) |
front 47 Occupational Partial Body DEL for Red Bone Marrow | back 47 50 rem |
front 48 Radiology personnel= ? | back 48 5 rem (50 mSv/yr) whole body |
front 49 Exposure= ? | back 49 Exposure rate x Time |
front 50 Effective Dose= ? | back 50 Wr x Wt x Absorbed Dose (mSv) |
front 51 The Dose Limit established for non-occupational exposed person is ________ of that for the radiation worker. | back 51 1/10 |
front 52 Cumulative whole-body effective dose limit equation | back 52 Age x 1 rem |
front 53 Output intensity | back 53
K(mAs) kVp2 |
front 54 Entrance skin exposure equation | back 54
Dosimeter exposure
(mR)= SSD2
|
front 55 Primary barrier lead equivalent | back 55 1/16" |
front 56 Primary barrier height is | back 56 7 feet |
front 57 Primary barrier located | back 57 perpendicular to line of travel of primary x-ray beam |
front 58 Secondary barrier lead equivalent | back 58 1/32" Pb |
front 59 Secondary barrier located | back 59 parallel to line of travel |
front 60 Control booths are considered | back 60 secondary barriers |
front 61 Tube housing for x-ray tube's lead equivalent | back 61 1.5 mm (1/16") Pb |
front 62 Leakage radiation should not exceed: | back 62 100 mR/hr @ 3" (1 meter) |
front 63 X-ray tube housing purpose | back 63 reduces leakage radiation |
front 64 Factors that determine protective barrier thickness: | back 64 Time of Occupancy (T) Workload (W) Use (U) |
front 65 Time of occupancy (T) | back 65 amount of time a hospital area is occupied by people |
front 66 Workload (W) | back 66 amount of activity of the x-ray machinery |
front 67 Use (U) | back 67 the % of time the x-ray beam is energized and directed to a particular wall |
front 68 Controlled areas | back 68 an area occupied by radiation personnel |
front 69 Uncontrolled areas | back 69 an area occupied by non-radiation personnel |
front 70 Controlled areas are designed to reduce exposure less than | back 70 100 mrem/week |
front 71 Uncontrolled areas are designed to reduce exposure less than | back 71 10 rem/week (Forshier) 2 rem/week (Bushong) |
front 72 Protective apparel protection lead equivalent | back 72 .25 mm Pb |
front 73 Lead aprons lead equivalent | back 73 .5 mm |
front 74 Lead aprons lead equivalency must provide how much attenuation at how much kVp? | back 74 90% attenuation at 75 kVp |
front 75 Lead gloves lead equivalent is | back 75 minimum .25 mm |
front 76 The source to-table top distance in fluoro is | back 76 minimum 15 inches (38 cm) |
front 77 Mobile unit distance must not be less than | back 77 minimum 12 inches (30 cm) |
front 78 Filtration requirements for Fluoroscopic Exam | back 78 total 2.5 mm Al |
front 79 Image Intensifier acts as ______ and should be at least ______ Pb. | back 79 protective barrer; 2 mm Pb |
front 80 Inverse Square Law definition | back 80 the intensity of radiation at a given distance is inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the object from the source |
front 81 workload equation | back 81 patients/day x day/week= patients/week patients/week x films/patient= films/week films/week x mAs/film= mAs/week mAs/week x 1 min/60 seconds= mA-min/week |
front 82 Useful beam | back 82 primary x-ray beam |
front 83 ALARA agreement states | back 83 those states that have agrees with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to take responsibility to enforce radiation protection guidelines through the states' department of health |