front 1 density | back 1 number of individuals in a population in an area or volume; size of a population in a given area or volume (number/area ) |
front 2 mortality | back 2 death rate, generally expressed as the number of individuals dying per unit of time per unit of population (deaths/year/1000 people) |
front 3 natality | back 3 birth rate, generally expressed as the number of births per unit of time per unit of population (births/year/1000 people) |
front 4 immigration | back 4 the movement of individuals into an area |
front 5 emigration | back 5 the movement of individuals out of an area |
front 6 biotic potential | back 6 the maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions |
front 7 carrying capacity | back 7 the maximum number of individuals of a certain species that a given environment can support over extended periods of time without doing lasting damage to the environment itself |
front 8 steady state | back 8 condition reached by a population where the density of the population remains relatively constant over extended periods |
front 9 density dependent factors | back 9 factors affecting population growth which depend upon the number of individuals in the population to exert their effect, becoming more forceful with increasing density |
front 10 density independent factors | back 10 factors affecting population growth that are not dependent upon the number of individuals in the population |
front 11 density dependent factors (examples) | back 11 competition-when use of limited resource by one individual reduces its availability to another interspecific interactions- different species (between) intraspecific interactions- same species (within) disease- spread of contagious pathogens pollution-undesirable change to environment intrinsic mechanisms-psychological and physiological responses |
front 12 density independent factors(examples) | back 12 climatic conditions-temperature extremes, drought, flood, pollution |
front 13 human population growth | back 13 human population growth curve over the past 200-300 years we see a sharp increase in birth rate > death rate coincided with several advancements: industrial revolution agriculture medical |
front 14 age distribution | back 14 percentage of individuals in various age groups in a population |
front 15 human population statistics | back 15 population density-number of humans per area infant mortality-number of children born who don't survive to age of 1 total fertility rate- average # of children born to women in a population age distribution- percentage of people in different categories birth rate (world as of 2022)- Br: 17/1000/yr dr: 8/1000/yr |
front 16 annual rate of natural increase (RNI) | back 16 RNI= BR-DR 17/1000-8/1000=9/1000 or 0.9% |
front 17 doubling time | back 17 how many years it will take a population to double size at its current growth rate rule of 70 or 70/RNI |
front 18 sustainability | back 18 live in such a way as to maintain earth's systems and its natural resources for future generations |
front 19 ecological footprint | back 19 measure of the impact of humans on earth the area of land to produce resources and dispose of waste consumption of resources X population per person Current average us footprint 5.1 ha/person to live sustainably need 1.7 ha/person |
front 20 community ecology | back 20 communities are all populations in a given area (focus on interactions among species) |
front 21 competition | back 21 use of similar resources pop 1: negative pop 2: negative |
front 22 mutualism | back 22 symbiosis between species pop1: positive pop2: positive |
front 23 predation | back 23 predator feeding on prey pop 1: Predator positive pop 2: prey negative |
front 24 herbivory | back 24 eating plants herbivore positive plant negative |
front 25 parasite/pathogen | back 25 parasite live in or on host parasite positive host negative pathogen disease causing organism pathogen postive host negative |
front 26 producers | back 26 autotrophs - plants some bacteria |
front 27 consumers | back 27 heterotrophs-animals fungi some bacteria |
front 28 primary consumers | back 28 eat producers |
front 29 secondary consumers | back 29 eat primary consumers |
front 30 tertiary consumers | back 30 eat secondary consumers |
front 31 decomposers | back 31 bacteria and fungi, breakdown large organic molecules into smaller parts |
front 32 food chain | back 32 linear series of foods and feeders |
front 33 food web | back 33 a grouping and intermeshing of more than one food chain, complex interconnections of many food chains |
front 34 herbivore | back 34 eat plants - primary consumer |
front 35 carnivore | back 35 eat other animals - secondary/tertiary consumer |
front 36 omnivore | back 36 organism that commonly eats both plant and animal |
front 37 species diversity | back 37 number and abundance of species in a community |
front 38 species richness | back 38 number of species |
front 39 relative abundance | back 39 number of individuals of each species |
front 40 communities with higher diversity | back 40 higher species ricchness-mroe species higher species eveness - even abundance of species |
front 41 keystone species | back 41 species with disproportionate effect on overall species diversity |
front 42 toxicology | back 42 the effect of chemicals on humans and other organisms |
front 43 mutagens | back 43 increase the rate of mutations -nuclear waste-uv radiation (sun burn) |
front 44 carcinogens | back 44 cancer causing substances - cigarette smoke |
front 45 teratogens | back 45 cause birth defects - alcohol |
front 46 neurotoxins | back 46 disrupt the nervous system- pesticides DDT, heavy metals-> lead |
front 47 endocrine disruptors | back 47 interfere with the endocrine system- pesticides atrazine, consumer products BPA |
front 48 Insecticide advantages | back 48 many varities easy to use reasonable cost usually temporarily effective |
front 49 insecticide disadvantages | back 49 kill non target species directly kill useful species indirectly via biological magnification carcinogenic persist in environment select for resistance |
front 50 herbicide advantages | back 50 many varieties, easy to use, reasonable cost, usually temporary effective, no evidence of biological magnification |
front 51 herbicide disadvantages | back 51 direct toxicity not well known for some microorganisms weeds become resistant endocrine disruptors |
front 52 biological magnification | back 52 certain chemicals become concentrated as they move along the food chain DDT is stored in fat cells not excreted tends to accumulate in organisms |
front 53 lethal levels | back 53 causes death bats&DDT |
front 54 sublethal effects | back 54 some detrimental effect to organism or offspring eggshell is thin -> affects reproduction of birds endocrine distruption- feminization of frogs |
front 55 importance of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson 1962 | back 55 large scale pesticide use brought issue to public attention influenced environmental protection acts |
front 56 environmental protection acts | back 56 clean air act 1969, clean water act 1977, toxic substances control act 1976, ban DDT in 1972 |
front 57 biological control | back 57 method of controlling pest species without harming non-target species introduction of natural enemies of pests sterilization of male insects attractants- light sound resistant crop varieties- genetic engineering |
front 58 integrated pest management | back 58 monitor fields closely early detection of outbreak use small amount of pesticide (last resort) |