front 1 How many elements are essential for life? | back 1 25 are essential, from bacteria to humans |
front 2 What are Macro-nutrients? (needed in larger quanitites) | back 2 Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium (C,H,O,N,S,P,K,Mg,Ca) |
front 3 What are micronutrients? (needed in lesser quantities) | back 3 - they are needed for enzymes - DNA requires Mg and Zn (magnesium and zinc) - others include Mn, Zn, Mo, Ni, Cu, Co, B, F, I, Fe, Se, Si, Sn, V |
front 4 When someone is missing a certain quantity of an element, they have a | back 4 deficiency |
front 5 Where do most microbes get their energy from? | back 5 From both organic and inorganic sources |
front 6 In the 1960s, why were women dying? | back 6 They were dying because the tampons, at that time, absorbed too much iron which caused toxic shock syndrome. |
front 7 When a person has the correct diet, they do not need | back 7 extra supplements, the body will excrete the extra nutrients/minerals because a person with the correct diet will have all the essential nutrients and vitamins. |
front 8 The average cell has | back 8 70% water |
front 9 What is aerobic respiration? | back 9 When water is reduced into oxygen |
front 10 What is a major micro molecule? | back 10 water |
front 11 What is a major macro molecule? | back 11 protein |
front 12 Where is chemical composition the most similar? | back 12 bacteria, fungi, and protozoa -depends on the species (but will always have something different) |
front 13 What is metabolism? | back 13 the ability to break down molecules and get energy (which comes from sunlight) |
front 14 What are the characteristics of photoautotrophs? | back 14 energy source: sunlight carbon source: CO2 photosynthetic organisms: algae, plants, cyanobacteria |
front 15 What are some characteristics of chemoautotrophs? | back 15 energy source: simple inorganic molecules methanogens. deep sea vent bacteria |
front 16 What are some characteristics of photoheterotrophs? | back 16 energy source: sunlight purple and green photosynthetic bacteria do NOT use CO2 |
front 17 What are some characteristics of chemoheterotrophs | back 17 energy source: metabolic conversion of nutrients from other organisms protozoa, fungi, many bacteria, and animals |
front 18 What is a saccrobe? | back 18 an organism with the ability to metabolize the organic matter of dead organisms fungi, bacteria, (decomposers) |
front 19 What is a parasite? | back 19 an organism that utilizes the tissues and fluids of a host various parasites and pathogens: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, animals |
front 20 Who produced nitrate? | back 20 the Germans |
front 21 Inside legumes, there are nodules that do | back 21 nitrogen fixation - which is the process of N2 is changed by nitrogenase into NH3, Rhizobium |
front 22 Why is phosphorus important? | back 22 It is important for phosphate, PO4 Is important for metabolism, more phosphate = more energy |
front 23 Where does phosphate come from? | back 23 soil |
front 24 What is mycorrhiza? | back 24 can get phosphate deep, deep, deep, in soil Mycelia |
front 25 Plants share ____________ to get phosphate | back 25 fungi filaments |
front 26 What is sulfur important for? | back 26 Cysteine, which is in the structure of proteins and found in disulfide bonds |
front 27 Hemoglobin requires what? | back 27 Iron |
front 28 The Black Death was caused by | back 28 Yersinia pestis |
front 29 All cells have a | back 29 semi-permeable membrane |
front 30 Bacteria have different mechanisms in which they | back 30 take in food, food is in the form of chemicals |
front 31 Osmotic pressure is? | back 31 the movement of water through a membrane |
front 32 Isotonic solution | back 32 where the amount of solutes are in equilibrium from inside and outside the cell |
front 33 Hypotonic solution | back 33 higher concentration of solutes are present in the cell; water will go into the cell low to high concentration of solutes |
front 34 Hypertonic solution | back 34 water moves from inside the cell to the outside of the cell (moves from low to high concentration) Plasmolysis |
front 35 barophiles are | back 35 bacteria that can withstand high pressure |
front 36 Cells need | back 36 glucose; when it is broken down, it turns into ATP |
front 37 Exoenzymes are | back 37 enzymes that are exported out of the cell to digest carbohydrates and proteins |
front 38 The cell membrane is | back 38 hydrophobic |
front 39 What do cells have that allow for proteins, carbs, and solutes to enter? | back 39 protein channels |
front 40 What may occur when solutes pass through the protein channels? | back 40 they may become modified - protein (enzymes) can chemically modify product/substrate into something else |
front 41 active transport is | back 41 when solutes need to be pushed into the cell ex. insulin pushes glucose into the cell |
front 42 passive transport is | back 42 when solutes flow through the cell - no use of energy |
front 43 What can pass through the hydrophobic membrane? | back 43 testosterone |
front 44 Ion channels are | back 44 channels that can allow potassium, magnesium, chloride, and calcium into the cell. channels can open and close |
front 45 Phagocytosis is | back 45 when a cell engulfs a particle to consume eats solids, is a method of active transport |
front 46 Macrophages are | back 46 white blood cells that engulf bacteria, viruses, pollen, etc. |
front 47 Pinocytosis is | back 47 when a cell absorbs oil and liquid drinks liquids, also a method of active transport |
front 48 What does microbial ecology focus on | back 48 ways that microorganisms deal or adapt to various environmental factors |
front 49 What are the main factors that affect survival and growth? | back 49 temperature, gases, pH, radiation, osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, other microorganisms |
front 50 What microorganism can tolerate the stomach's pH of 2-3 | back 50 H.pylori |
front 51 Bacteria that grow in -15 °C to 15 °C are | back 51 psychrophiles |
front 52 Bacteria that grow in 10 °C to 50 °C are | back 52 mesophiles most bacteria grow here |
front 53 Bacteria that grow in 45 °C to 80 °C are | back 53 thermophiles |
front 54 Bacteria that grow over 80 °C are | back 54 hypothermophiles |
front 55 Facultative thermophiles are | back 55 bacteria that can tolerate higher and cooler temperatures |
front 56 DNA polymerase | back 56 enzyme that replicates DNA Thermos aquaticus (TAQ enzyme) PCR technique |
front 57 Halophiles are | back 57 bacteria that can survive high salt concentration |
front 58 Listeria monocytogenes | back 58 is found in dairy products, killer of people in Mexico and RGV comes from cheese that has not been pasteurized |
front 59 Pasteurization | back 59 kills bacteria, the U.S. requires that all imported cheese must be pasteurized |
front 60 Salmonella | back 60 can grow at low temperatures in the fridge from chicken |
front 61 S.aureus | back 61 grows at 4 °C - are opportunist highly resistant to all antibiotics likes to grow on 7% to 8% salt can contaminate chorizo |
front 62 Capnophiles are | back 62 bacteria that grow at 3-10% concentrations of CO2 - neisseria, brucella, and streptococcus pneumonia |
front 63 Oxygen concentration of air is about | back 63 20% |
front 64 CO2 concentration is about | back 64 0.003% (3,000 ppm) |
front 65 The atmospheric gases that influence the growth of microorganisms the most are | back 65 oxygen and carbon dioxide |
front 66 singlet oxygen (extremely reactive) | back 66 O2 |
front 67 superoxide ion | back 67 -O2 |
front 68 hydrogen peroxide molecule | back 68 H2O2 |
front 69 hydroxyl molecule | back 69 OH- |
front 70 most bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa are considered | back 70 aerobes |
front 71 bacteria that can tolerate minimal amounts of oxygen are - Ex. E.coli | back 71 microaerophillic |
front 72 aerobic bacteria will grow at the | back 72 top of the liquid in a test tube |
front 73 microaerophillic bacteria will grow | back 73 right below the surface, remains near the top |
front 74 anaerobic bacteria will grow | back 74 towards the bottom of the tube, with minimal oxygen |
front 75 Facultative anaerobes will | back 75 grow all over |
front 76 When bacteria split into two, keeping the same genetic material | back 76 binary fission |
front 77 Typically, bacteria will multiply every | back 77 20-25 mins, under optimal conditions |
front 78 which bacteria reproduces every 10–30 days? | back 78 mycobacteria leprae, tuberculosis |
front 79 the phase where there are very few cells | back 79 lag phase |
front 80 phase where cells are live and being to reproduce | back 80 Exponential or log phase |
front 81 phase where there are many live cells, few dead cells | back 81 stationary phase |
front 82 phase where cell death occurs | back 82 death phase |
front 83 the time needed for a bacterial population to double in number | back 83 generation time |
front 84 pertroff hausser counter was | back 84 a device that counted bacteria using squares under the microscope |
front 85 Coulter counter was | back 85 an electronic counter that counted dead and live bacteria |