Which one of the following is LEAST likely to be a hot spot for birds?

A) Amazon River basin

B) East Africa

C) Southwest China

D) Greenland

D) Greenland

If all individuals in the last remaining population of a particular bird species were all highly related, which type of diversity would be of greatest concern when planning to keep the species from going extinct?

I. genetic diversity

II. species diversity

III. ecosystem diversity

A) only I

B) only II

C) only III

D) only II and III

E) I, II, and III

A) only I

What is the biological significance of genetic diversity between populations?

A) Genes for traits conferring an advantage to local conditions make evolution possible.

B) The population that is most fit would survive by competitive exclusion.

C) Genetic diversity allows for species stability by preventing speciation.

D) Isolated populations become more fit.

E) Diseases and parasites are not spread between separated populations.

A) Genes for traits conferring an advantage to local conditions make evolution possible.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding species diversity and taxonomic diversity?

A) Species diversity measures the relative frequency of all alleles present in a species.

B) In taxonomic diversity, the number of species in a lineage is important.

C) In species diversity, the number of animals in a particular lineage is important.

D) The variety of species in a given area represents taxonomic diversity.

B) In taxonomic diversity, the number of species in a lineage is important.

With regard to the destruction of tropical forests, the focus is often on biodiversity and the impact on these ecosystems. What is a direct benefit to humans that helps explain why these forests need to be preserved?

A) This diversity could contain undocumented insect species.

B) Natural and undisturbed areas are important wildlife habitats.

C) The diversity could contain novel drugs for consumers.

D) The plant diversity provides shade, which reduces the impact of global warming.

C) The diversity could contain novel drugs for consumers.

Which of the following terms includes all of the others?

A) species diversity

B) biodiversity

C) genetic diversity

D) ecosystem diversity

E) species richness

B) biodiversity

During the inventory of bacterial genes present in the Sargasso Sea in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, a research team concluded that at least 1800 bacterial species were discovered. Based on what you know about this area, what would you expect to see in coral reef waters?

A) slightly greater genetic diversity

B) slightly smaller genetic diversity

C) equal genetic diversity

D) markedly greater genetic diversity

E) markedly smaller genetic diversity

D) markedly greater genetic diversity

Which of the following ecological locations has the greatest species diversity?

A) tundra

B) deciduous forests

C) tropical rain forest

D) grasslands

E) islands

C) tropical rain forest

Erwin and Scott used an insecticidal fog to knock down insects from the top of a L. seemannii tree. The researchers identified over 900 species of beetles among the individuals that fell. Erwin also projected that this entire tree is host to about 600 arthropod species unique to this tree species. There are approximately 50,000 species of tropical trees. Although it could not be entirely accurate, what would be the best way to estimate the total number of arthropod species?

A) Estimate the species density and then multiply by 50,000.

B) Multiply 900 by 50,000.

C) Multiply 600 by 50,000.

D) Divide 900 by 600 and then multiply by 50,000

C) Multiply 600 by 50,000.

Relatively small geographic areas with high concentrations of endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species are known as ________.

A) endemic sinks

B) critical communities

C) biodiversity hot spots

D) endemic metapopulations

E) bottlenecks

C) biodiversity hot spots

In looking at the species—area plot in the accompanying figure, what can be concluded? A) The number of bird species increases linearly with island area.

B) The number of bird species remains the same on these various islands.

C) Diversity is independent from island area.

D) The number of bird species increases exponentially with island area

A) The number of bird species increases linearly with island area

Based on the species—area plot in the accompanying figure, if habitable area on an island were reduced from 10,000 km2 (square kilometers) to 1000 km2, roughly what percentage of the species would disappear?

A) 0.3 percent

B) 3 percent

C) 30 percent

D) 60 percent

C) 30 percent

Which of the following statements regarding extinction is (are) correct?

I. Only a small percentage of species is immune from extinction.

II. Extinction occurs whether humans interfere or not.

III. Extinctions can be caused indirectly by humans.

A) only I

B) only II

C) only III

D) only II and II

D) only II and II

Which of the following criteria have to be met for a species to qualify as invasive?

A) endemic to the area, spreads rapidly, and displaces foreign species

B) introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly, and displaces native species

C) introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly, and displaces other invasive species

D) endemic to the area, spreads slowly, and displaces native species

B) introduced to a new area, spreads rapidly, and displaces native species

A land developer and several ecologists are discussing how a parcel of private land should be developed while saving 20 hectares as natural habitat. The land developer suggests that the 20 hectares be divided into twenty separate 1-hectare areas. The ecologists suggest that it would be better to have one intact parcel of 20 hectares. What is the significance of these different arrangements of the 20 hectares?

A) There really is no difference; they should both work equally well.

B) The isolated hectare plots increase the ability of individuals to disperse from one habitat to another.

C) The isolated plots are more vulnerable to edge effects.

D) The large plot will create more inbreeding in many species

C) The isolated plots are more vulnerable to edge effects.

Looking at the accompanying figure, what can be said about edge effects?

A) Biomass declines along edges of forest fragments.

B) Biomass increases along the edges of forest fragments.

C) Species diversity decreases along the edges of forest fragments.

D) Fragmentation does not affect biomass.

A) Biomass declines along edges of forest fragments.

The main factor that leads to the loss of biodiversity is ________.

A) habitat fragmentation

B) habitat destruction

C) industrialization

D) transportation

B) habitat destruction

Based on the accompanying figure, what can you conclude about the history of land use in the southern Yucatán?

A) Massive soil erosion caused the Mayan population to crash.

B) Reduction in forest cover caused the Mayan population to crash.

C) As Mayan population increased, deforestation increased, probably leading to increased soil erosion.

D) This Mayan population practiced sustainable developmen

C) As Mayan population increased, deforestation increased, probably leading to increased soil erosion.

Although extinction is a natural process, current extinctions are of concern to environmentalists because ________.

A) more animals than ever before are going extinct

B) most current extinctions are caused by introduced species

C) the rate of extinction is higher than background extinction rates

D) current extinction is primarily affecting plant diversity

C) the rate of extinction is higher than background extinction rates

According to most conservation biologists, the single greatest threat to global biodiversity is ________.

A) chemical pollution of water and air

B) stratospheric ozone depletion

C) overexploitation of certain species

D) alteration or destruction of the physical habitat

D) alteration or destruction of the physical habitat

The introduction of the Burmese python by pet owners in Florida has resulted in ________.

A) eradication of nonnative rats and other undesirable/pest species

B) the threatening of many native species

C) a good lesson in biological control

D) a new species of hybrids from crossbreeding with a native snake species

E) its failure to compete with native species and its quick elimination

B) the threatening of many native species

Approximately what percentage of bird species are on the IUCN Red List?

A) 0 percent

B) 13 percent

C) 23 percent

D) 33 percent

E) 53 percent

B) 13 percent

What type of ecosystem is most harmed by pollution?

A) freshwater B) ocean C) tropical rain forest D) temperate forest

A) freshwater

) The most serious consequence to humans of a decrease in global biodiversity would be the ________.

A) increase in global warming and thinning of the ozone layer

B) potential loss of ecosystem services on which people depend

C) increase in the abundance and diversity of edge-adapted species

D) loss of sources of genetic diversity to preserve endangered species

E) loss of species for use as crops

B) potential loss of ecosystem services on which people depend

Use the accompanying figure to answer this question: What two variables were manipulated?

A) plant biomass and species richness

B) plant biomass and number of functional groups

C) number of functional groups and species richness

D) plot size and plant biomass

C) number of functional groups and species richness

Use the accompanying figure to answer this question: What factors have a positive effect on plant biomass, based on the data presented?

A) plot number and species richness

B) No factors have a positive effect on plant biomass.

C) number of functional groups and species richness

D) plot size and type of plants in plot

C) number of functional groups and species richness

Net primary productivity is important because ________.

A) it is the source of chemical energy used by a species throughout a food web

B) It is not important because of the inefficiency of energy flow through food webs.

C) it leads to lower biodiversity within small areas

D) it can lead to the expiration of more CO2 into the atmosphere by plants

A) it is the source of chemical energy used by a species throughout a food web

In prairies, the presence of plants in the onion family may discourage herbivores within the prairie. This is an example of ________.

A) facilitation

B) resource use efficiency

C) competition

D) predation

A) facilitation

Community stability refers to ________.

A) the ability of a community to maintain productivity and other aspects of ecosystem function as conditions change over time and to recover to former levels of productivity or species richness after a disturbance

B) the extent to which a community remains unchanged during a disturbance

C) how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance

D) how many species are in the community

A) the ability of a community to maintain productivity and other aspects of ecosystem function as conditions change over time and to recover to former levels of productivity or species richness after a disturbance

Community resistance refers to ________.

A) the ability of a community to maintain productivity and other aspects of ecosystem function as conditions change over time and to recover to former levels of productivity or species richness after a disturbance

B) the extent to which a community remains unchanged during a disturbance

C) how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance

D) how many species are in the community

B) the extent to which a community remains unchanged during a disturbance

Community resilience refers to ________.

A) the ability of a community to maintain productivity and other aspects of ecosystem function as conditions change over time and to recover to former levels of productivity or species richness after a disturbance

B) the extent to which a community remains unchanged during a disturbance

C) how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance

D) how many species are in the community

C) how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance

Which of the following is a regulating service of ecosystems?

A) soil formation

B) recreation

C) nutrient cycling

D) providing genetic resources

E) education

A) soil formation

Which of the following is a provisioning service of ecosystems?

A) soil formation

B) recreation

C) nutrient cycling

D) providing genetic resources

E) education

D) providing genetic resources

Which of the following is a cultural service of ecosystems?

A) soil formation

B) climate moderation

C) nutrient cycling

D) providing genetic resources

E) education

E) education

Which of the following have an impact on decisions about humans mitigating the extinctions and damages to ecosystem services?

I. Moral issues

II. Economic problems

III. Biological problems

A) I and II only

B) II and III only

C) III only

D) I, II, and III

D) I, II, and III

What is TRUE concerning the high consumption of fossil fuels?

A) It has no effect on biodiversity.

B) It affects biodiversity by directly harming species.

C) It affects biodiversity indirectly via climate change.

D) It affects biodiversity both directly and indirectly via climate change.

E) It affects biodiversity indirectly via decreases in CO2 emissions.

D) It affects biodiversity both directly and indirectly via climate change.