front 1 Decrease in cell size Due to underuse | back 1 Atrophy |
front 2 Increase in cell size Due to overuse | back 2 Hypertrophy |
front 3 Increase in number of cells Compensatory Mechanism (Think Mammary Glands or Uterine Enlargement due to Pregnancy) | back 3 Hyperplasia |
front 4 One Mature Cell type is replaced by a different Mature Cell type due to original cells inability to withstand environment (GERD esophagus, Respiratory tract of smokers) | back 4 Metaplasia |
front 5 cells vary in shapes and sizes no organization pre cancerous change (cervical) | back 5 Dysplasia |
front 6 cells are undifferentiated variable nuclear and cell structures numerous mitotic figures | back 6 Anaplasia |
front 7 Control growth apoptosis stick together | back 7 Normal cell |
front 8 Long Term Potassium deficits increase the risk of? | back 8 Cardiac Dysrhythmia |
front 9 muscle cramps/weakness/fatigue abdominal cramps lethargy/confusion/seizures | back 9 Signs of Hyponatremia |
front 10 Excessive sweat vomiting Diarrhea Excessive water intake | back 10 Risk Factors of Hyponatremia |
front 11 Muscle Cramps Abdominal Cramps Anorexia Nausea Fatigue/Lethargy/confusion Decrease in Blood Pressure | back 11 Signs/Manifestations of Hyponatremia |
front 12 Renal Failure potassium (K+) sparing diuretics Burns/Crush injuries | back 12 Causes of Hyperkalemia |
front 13 Arrhythmias Nausea/ Diarrhea Muscle Weakness Paralysis Paresthesia (abnormal tingling) Oliguria (production of abnormally small amounts of urine) | back 13 Manifestations of Hyperkalemia |
front 14 Hypothyroidism malabsorption vitamin D deficiency | back 14 Causes of Hypocalcemia |
front 15 Usually occurs with renal failure increase Mg intake | back 15 Causes of Hypermagnesemia |
front 16 Loss of hydrogen ions Gain of bicarbonate | back 16 Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis Bicarbonate higher than 26 pH lower than 7.35 CO2 is normal 35-45 |
front 17 Loss of acid Vomiting NG tube suctioning Diuretics Gain of Bicarbonate | back 17 Risk Factors of Metabolic Alkalosis |
front 18 Agitation/Irritable Light-headedness Tetany (muscle spasms) paresthesia seizures | back 18 Manifestations of Metabolic Alkalosis |
front 19 Gain in hydrogen ions loss of bicarbonate | back 19 Causes of Metabolic Acidosis Bicarbonate is below 22 CO2 is normal 35-45 pH is higher than 7.45 |
front 20 Headache/confusion/lethargy/coma Kussmaul's respirations Nausea/vomiting/abdominal pain Cardiac Dyrshythmias | back 20 Manifestations of Metabolic Acidosis |
front 21 muscle twitching/ tetany chvostek sign (spasm of lip or face when tapped in front of the ear) trousseau sign (carpopedal spasm when a blood pressure cuff is applied blocking blood flow to hand) cardiac dysrhythmias | back 21 Manifestations of Hypocalcemia |
front 22 Hyperthyroidism bone cancer immobility | back 22 causes of Hypercalcemia |
front 23 Muscle weakness loss of muscle tone spontaneous fractures kidney stones cardiac dysrhythmias | back 23 manifestations of Hypercalcemia |
front 24 Normal Level of Calcium | back 24 8.5-10.5mg/dL |
front 25 Diuretics Inadequate K+ intake Excessive Diarrhea | back 25 Causes of Hypokalemia |
front 26 Muscle Fatigue/Cramps Nausea/vomiting/constipation Cardiac Dysrhythmias | back 26 Manifestations of Hypokalemia |
front 27 Normal Level of Magneisum | back 27 1.6-2.5mEq/L |
front 28 If Magnesium is low what else is low | back 28 Potassium and Calcium are also low |
front 29 Hypocapnia (decrease in CO2) Ventilation impairments Hyperventalation | back 29 causes of Respiratory Alkalosis |
front 30 Panic attacks fever brain injuries mechanical ventilation | back 30 Risk factors of respiratory alkalosis |
front 31 Agitated/ irritable light headedness seizures tetany paresthesia | back 31 Manifestations of Respiratory Alkalosis |
front 32 Hypercapnia ventilation impairments hypoventilation | back 32 causes of Respiratory Acidosis |
front 33 opiate overdose/overuse respiratory disease sleep apnea airway obstruction anesthetics | back 33 Risk Factors of Respiratory Acidosis |
front 34 Headache/ confusion/ lethargy/coma tremors paralysis | back 34 manifestations of respiratory acidosis |
front 35 Loss of water Excessive intake of sodium | back 35 causes of Hypernatremia |
front 36 Excessive sweating vomiting/ diarrhea decreased water intake | back 36 Risk Factors of Hypernatremia |
front 37 Signs of fluid deficit thirst headache/ agitation | back 37 manifestations of hypernatremia |
front 38 Fluid Compartments | back 38 Intra cellular Extracellular |
front 39 Compartments of Extracellular | back 39 Intravascular Interstitial Cerebrospinal Transellular |
front 40 Intracellular | back 40 the compartment and fluid with in the cells and bounded by the cell membrane |
front 41 Intravascular | back 41 fluid with in lymph capillaries and blood vessels |
front 42 interstitial | back 42 fluid between the cells |
front 43 Maintaining fluid balance | back 43 Thirst Mechanism Hormones |
front 44 Antidiuretic Hormone | back 44 reabsorbed water in kidneys |
front 45 Aldosterone | back 45 reabsorbed water and sodium |
front 46 Atrial natriuretic peptide | back 46 promotes excreation of water and sodium (urinate more) |
front 47 Filtration | back 47 fluid and solute from blood vessel to interstitial space |
front 48 osmosis | back 48 from interstitial space to blood vessel |
front 49 hydrostatic pressure | back 49 Increase in volume stay away pushing pressure |
front 50 Osmotic Pressue | back 50 Come to mama pulling pressure |
front 51 increased hydrostatic pressure | back 51 higher blood pressure prevents return of fluid Kidney failure, CHF, or Pulmonary disease are all examples) |
front 52 Decreased Osmotic Pressure | back 52 loss of plasma proteins specifically albumin |
front 53 Increased capillary permeability | back 53 localized edema inflammatory response or infection (bacteria toxins, large burns or wounds) |
front 54 Lymphatic Obstruction | back 54 excessive fluid and protein are not returned to general circulation |
front 55 Kidney/ liver/ heart failure increased sodium intake IV Fluid Blood transfusions | back 55 Causes of Fluid Excess |
front 56 Dyspnea Decreased Lab values increased urine output High blood pressure Bounding pulse (slow or fast) Jugular Vein Distention Edema | back 56 Manifestations of Fluid excess |
front 57 Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure decreased capillary osmotic pressure increased capillary permeability Obstruction of the Lymphatic Circulation | back 57 Causes of Edema |
front 58 Complications of Edema | back 58 Restriction in range of motion at joints pain decreased arterial circulation skin break down or damage |
front 59 Malnutrition issues Malabsorption issues Diuretics | back 59 Causes of Hypomagnesemia |
front 60 Tremors Hyperreflexia insomnia | back 60 Manifestations of Hypomagnesemia |
front 61 Hyporeflexia Lethargy Respiratory Depression | back 61 Manifestations of Hypermagnesemia |
front 62 Normal Level of Potassium | back 62 3.5-5 mEq/L |
front 63 Normal Level of Sodium | back 63 135-145mEq/L |
front 64 Skin Turgor | back 64 Skin with decreased turgor remains elevated after being pulled up and released. |
front 65 Dry Mucous Membrane | back 65 Manifestation of Fluid deficit |
front 66 Excess loss inadequate intake or combination of both | back 66 Causes of Fluid Deficit |
front 67 Vomiting/Diarrhea Excessive Sweating Insufficient water intake | back 67 Risk factors of Fluid Deficit |
front 68 Dry mouth Decreased Skin Turgor increased lab values decreased urine output low blood pressure fast and weak heart rate confusion | back 68 manifestations of fluid deficit |
front 69 A nurse is teaching a client about the manifestations of hypokalemia. Which manifestation, if stated by the client, indicates teaching was effective? | back 69 Cardiac dysrhythmias |
front 70 The movement of water from the interstitial space to the vascular space is known as what? | back 70 Osmosis |
front 71 What is the role of ADH in maintaining fluid balance? | back 71 Reabsorption of water |
front 72 What is the role of ADH in maintaining fluid balance? | back 72 High Blood Pressure |
front 73 Which manifestation of fluid deficit stated by the nurse requires further teaching? | back 73 Bounding Pulse |
front 74 A client has been profusely sweating and is complaining of being thirsty. What electrolyte imbalance does the nurse suspect? | back 74 Hypernatremia |
front 75 What is a manifestation of hyponatremia? | back 75 Seizures |
front 76 A client presents with renal failure. Which electrolyte imbalance does the nurse suspect? | back 76 Hypermagnesemia |
front 77 A client comes in with bone cancer. What electrolyte imbalance does the nurse suspect? | back 77 Hypercalcemia |
front 78 How does the respiratory system maintain acid base balance? | back 78 Retaining or excreting CO2 |
front 79 What is the cause of respiratory acidosis? | back 79 Hypercapnia |
front 80 Which is a normal ABG? | back 80 pH 7.40, CO2 35, HCO3 22 |
front 81 A client comes in with sepsis. For which acid-base imbalance does the nurse monitor? | back 81 Metabolic acidosis |
front 82 A client has renal failure and deep rapid respirations. What is the name of the compensation mechanism responsible for the clients respiratory pattern? | back 82 Kussmaul respiration |
front 83 A client has been taking a diuretic medication. What acid base imbalance does the nurse expect? | back 83 Metabolic alkalosis |
front 84 Which ABG result is indicative of Respiratory acidosis? | back 84 pH 7.22, CO2 60, HCO3 26 |
front 85 Which is a cause of hyponatremia? | back 85 Taking in too much water |
front 86 Tears is _____ in defense | back 86 First |
front 87 Inflammation is ________ in defense | back 87 Second |
front 88 Skin is _____ in defense | back 88 First |
front 89 T-Lymphocytes is ______ in defense | back 89 third |
front 90 Saliva is _______ in defense | back 90 First |
front 91 Neutrophils/Macrophages is _______ in defense | back 91 Second |
front 92 Unique antibodies is ______ in defense | back 92 Third |
front 93 Mucous Membranes is ______ in defense | back 93 First |
front 94 A nurse is teaching a student about the role of inflammation. Which statement by the student indicates a need for further instruction? | back 94 It is the body's specific response to tissue injury. |
front 95 What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory process? | back 95 It causes vasodilation. |
front 96 Fever is local or systemic? | back 96 Systemic |
front 97 Redness is local or systemic? | back 97 Local |
front 98 Warmth is local or systemic? | back 98 Local |
front 99 Malaise is local or systemic? | back 99 Systemic |
front 100 Fatigue is local or systemic? | back 100 Systemic |
front 101 Headache is local or systemic? | back 101 Systemic |
front 102 Pain is local or systemic? | back 102 Local |
front 103 Swelling/Edema is local or systemic? | back 103 Local |
front 104 Exudate is local or systemic? | back 104 Local |
front 105 Anorexia is local or systemic? | back 105 Systemic |
front 106 Decreased function/ range of motion is local or systemic? | back 106 Local |
front 107 A nurse is teaching a client about complications of chronic inflammation. Which complications, if stated by the client, indicate understanding of the teaching? (Select all that apply) | back 107 Development of extensive scar tissue More tissue destruction occurs. Periodic exacerbations of acute inflammation Deep ulcers and perforation |
front 108 What are the complications that occur due to scar tissue formation? | back 108 Loss of function Ulcerations Obstructions Adhesions Contractures |
front 109 What is the Rule of Nines used for? | back 109 To determine the body surface area burned. |
front 110 true or false: Nosocomial infections are acquired out in the community such as malls, amusement parks, and grocery stores. | back 110 False |
front 111 Guidelines by which all blood, body fluids, and wastes are considered infected in any client regardless of the client's apparent condition is the basis of which precaution?Group of answer choices | back 111 Standard |
front 112 Red, pink, dry Type of burn | back 112 Superficial |
front 113 Charred, black, hard, dry, leathery | back 113 Full Thickness |
front 114 Mottled, red, white and waxy | back 114 Deep Partial Thickness |
front 115 Affects all of the epidermis and dermis | back 115 Deep Partial Thickness |
front 116 Extends into the subcutaneous tissue and underlying structures | back 116 Full Thickness |
front 117 Affects the outer layer of the epidermis | back 117 Superficial |
front 118 Affects all of the epidermis and part of the dermis | back 118 Superficial Partial Thickness |
front 119 Heals readily without scar tissue | back 119 Superfical |
front 120 Sun poisoning | back 120 Superficial Partial Thickness |
front 121 Healing takes months to years and usually needs skin grafts | back 121 Full Thickness |
front 122 Sunburn | back 122 Superficial |
front 123 Sexual intercourse | back 123 Direct Tranmission |
front 124 Respiratory secretion expelled from the body | back 124 Droplet transmission |
front 125 Mosquitos carrying West Nile Virus | back 125 Vector |
front 126 Tuberculosis | back 126 Aerosol Transmission |
front 127 Flu Virus | back 127 Droplet |
front 128 Contact with contaminated food | back 128 Indirect |
front 129 Small particles from the respiratory tract that remain suspended in the air and travel on air currents | back 129 Areosol |
front 130 Vague manifestations such as fatigue, anorexia, and headache. | back 130 Prodromal stage |
front 131 Manifestations start subsiding and body processes return to normal | back 131 Recovery Stage |
front 132 The time between exposure to an organism and appearance of manifestations. | back 132 Incubation Period |
front 133 Fully developed infection; manifestations peak | back 133 Acute Period |
front 134 What diagnostic tests are used to diagnose infections? | back 134 C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Complete blood count (CBC) Cultures |
front 135 What is the role of the complement system in immunity? | back 135 It promotes inflammation and phagocytosis |
front 136 What is the term for the antibodies that attack the body's own tissues? | back 136 Autoantibodies |
front 137 What is the role of antibodies? | back 137 Bind to antigen to destroy it |
front 138 A nurse is teaching on the different types of hypersensitivities. Which hypersensitivity stated by the nurse requires further teaching? | back 138 Toxic reactions |
front 139 Which type of acquired immunity involves direct exposure to an antigen? | back 139 Active natural |
front 140 What is an example of a Type IV hypersensitivity? | back 140 Organ rejection |
front 141 What is a manifestation of being immunodeficient? | back 141 Recurrent infections |
front 142 What precaution is needed for a client with AIDS? | back 142 Standard precautions |