front 1 The most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens is the
| back 1 mucous membrane |
front 2 The ability of some microbes such as Trypanosoma or Giardia to alter their surface molecules and evade destruction by the host's antibodies is called
| back 2 antigenic variation |
front 3 Siderophores are bacterial proteins that complete with the host's
| back 3 iron-transport proteins |
front 4 Bacterium - ID50 E.coli O157:H7 - 20 Legionella pneumophilia - 1 Shigella - 10 Treponema pallidum - 57 Which organism in Table 15.2 most easily causes an infection?
| back 4 Legionella pneumophila |
front 5 All of the following are used by bacteria to attach to host cells EXCEPT
| back 5 A-B toxins |
front 6 Bacteria such as E.coli and Salmonella produce invasins that bind host cells, thus causing the cells to
| back 6 engulf the bacteria |
front 7 The best descriptions of direct damage by a pathogen is
| back 7 host cells destroyed when pathogens metabolize and multiply |
front 8 Many pathogens use the same portal for entry and exit from the body
| back 8 True |
front 9 For each of the following statements, select whether the statement BEST applies to exotoxins or endotoxins.
| back 9
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front 10 All of the following are examples of entry via the parenteral route EXCEPT
| back 10 ingestion |
front 11 Superantigens produce intense immune responses by stimulating lymphocytes to produce
| back 11 cytokines |
front 12 Lysogenic bacteriophages contribute to bacterial virulence because bacteriophages
| back 12 give new gene sequences to the host bacteria |
front 13 Polio is transmitted by ingestion of water contaminated with feces containing the polio virus. What portal of entry does the polio virus use?
| back 13 mucous membranes only |
front 14 Most pathogens that gain access through the skin
| back 14 enter through hair follicles and sweat ducts |
front 15 Antibiotics can lead to septic shock if used to treat
| back 15 gram-negative bacterial infections |
front 16 Which of the following is NOT a cytopathic effect of viruses?
| back 16 toxin production |
front 17 ![]() The table shows the ID50 for Staphylococcus aureus in wounds with and without the administration of ampicillin before surgery. Based on the data, the administration of ampicillin before surgery
| back 17 decreases the risk of staohylococcal infection |
front 18 Patients developed inflammation a few hours following eye surgery. Instruments and solutions were sterile, and the Limulus assay was positive. The patients' inflammation was due to
| back 18 endotoxin |
front 19 Match each of the following virulence factor with its effect
| back 19
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front 20 A commensal bacterium
| back 20 may become an opportunistic pathogen |
front 21 The rise in herd immunity amongst a population can be directly attributed to
| back 21 vaccinations |
front 22 Which one of the following does NOT contribute to the incidence of healthcare-associated infections?
| back 22 gram-negative cell walls |
front 23 Which of the following is NOT a communicable disease?
| back 23 tetanus |
front 24 Which of the following is a fomite?
| back 24 a hypodermic needle |
front 25 Which of the following statements about biological transmission is FALSE?
| back 25 Houseflies are an important vector for biological transmission |
front 26 Symptoms of disease differ from signs of disease in that symptoms
| back 26 are changes felt by the patient |
front 27 ![]() Shows the incidence of influenza during a typical year in the northern hemisphere. Which letter on the graph indicates the endemic level?
| back 27 d |
front 28 ![]() Which level indicates the gradual end of the epidemic outbreak?
| back 28 c |
front 29 A healthcare-associated infection (traditionally known as a nosocomial infection) is
| back 29 acquired during the course of hospitalization |
front 30 ![]() When is the prevalence the highest?
| back 30 February |
front 31 A disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time before producing symptoms is referred to as
| back 31 latent |
front 32 In which of the following diseases can gender be considered a viable predisposing factor?
| back 32 urinary tract infections |
front 33 The major significance of Robert Koch's work is that
| back 33 microorganisms cause disease |
front 34 The yeast Candida albicans does NOT normally cause disease because of
| back 34 mutualistic bacteria |
front 35 If a prodromal period exists for a certain disease , it should occur prior to
| back 35 illness |
front 36 ![]() The graph shows the incidence of polio in the United States. The period 1945 and 1955 indicates a(n)
| back 36 epidemic level |
front 37 ![]() Interpreting this graph, can we conclude that polio has been eradicated globally? Why or why not?
| back 37 No, because the graph only depicts incidence of polio in the United States |
front 38 Which of the following diseases is NOT spread by droplet infection?
| back 38 HIV |
front 39 Biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission
| back 39 involves reproduction of a pathogen in an arthropod vector prior to transmission |
front 40 Focal infections initially start out as
| back 40 local infections |
front 41 Which of the following statements about the human microbiome is false?
| back 41 The relationship between a person and their normal microbiota can be categorized as parasitism |
front 42 The etiologic agent of COVID-19 is bacterium
| back 42 False |
front 43 Match the following terms with the correct definition
| back 43
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front 44 Match the following terms with the BEST example
| back 44
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front 45 Which of the following might violate (go against) Koch's postulates?
| back 45 Some cattle that died of anthrax had the pathogen Bacillus anthracis while others did not. |
front 46 Innate immunity
| back 46 is nonspecific and present at birth |
front 47 Innate immunity includes all of the following except
| back 47 production of antibody |
front 48 All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection except
| back 48 hydrochloric acid |
front 49 All of the following increase blood vessels permeability except
| back 49 lysozymes |
front 50 A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skinn and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes?
| back 50 phagocytosis in the inflammatory response |
front 51 Which of the following is mismatched?
| back 51 chemotaxis - chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome |
front 52 A chill is a sign that
| back 52 body temperature is rising |
front 53 Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways except
| back 53 they produce lysozyme |
front 54 Each of the following is an effect of complement activation except
| back 54 interference with viral replication |
front 55 Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths?
| back 55 eosinophils |
front 56 Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid?
| back 56 mucocillary escalator - intestines |
front 57 Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damge to the bacterial
| back 57 cell wall |
front 58 All of the following are iron-binding proteins found in humans except
| back 58 siderophorin |
front 59 Please match the following terms with the correct description
| back 59
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front 60 ![]() Place the steps in the right order. Fill in the blanks with numbers 1-6. | back 60 ![]() |
front 61 An abnormally high body temperature is called a ________.
| back 61 fever |
front 62 Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?
| back 62 increased adherence of phagocyres to microorganisms |
front 63 All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection except
| back 63 HCI |
front 64 All of the following are effects of kinins except
| back 64 production of antibodies |
front 65 Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid?
| back 65 cilary escalator - intestines |
front 66 TLRs attach to all of the following except
| back 66 antimicrobial peptides |
front 67 Match the following leukocytes with the correct description
| back 67
|
front 68 The body has two circulatory systems, the lymphatic system and the blood circulatory system
| back 68 True |
front 69 ![]() Fill in the following table with the information about phagocytosis | back 69 ![]() |
front 70 Which of the following is the best definition of epitope?
| back 70 specific regions on antigens that interact with antibodies |
front 71 ![]() Which areas are different for all IgM antibodies?
| back 71 a and b |
front 72 Which of the follwoing is the best defintion of antigen?
| back 72 a chemical that elicts an antibody response and can combine with these antibodies |
front 73 Which of the following statements is NOT a possible outcome of antigen-antibody reaction?
| back 73 clonal deletion |
front 74 When an antibody binds to a toxin, the resulting action is referred to as
| back 74 neutralization |
front 75 Which of the following recognizes antigens displayed on host cells with MHC II?
| back 75 TH cell |
front 76 Which of the following destroys virus-infected cells?
| back 76 CTL |
front 77 The specificity of an antibody is due to
| back 77 the variable portions of the H and L chains |
front 78 Which one of the following causes transmembrane channels in target cells?
| back 78 perforin |
front 79 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of B cells?
| back 79 They recognize antigens associated with MHC I. |
front 80 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cellular immunity?
| back 80 B cells make antibodies |
front 81 ![]() Which areas are similar for all IgG antibodies?
| back 81 c and d |
front 82 ![]() Which letter on the graph indicates the patient's secondary response to a repeated exposure with the identical antigen?
| back 82 c |
front 83 Which of the following is not a professional antigen-presenting cell?
| back 83 T cells |
front 84 Which of the following recognizes antigens displayed on host cells with MHC II?
| back 84 Helper T cell |
front 85 ADCC is a process that is most effective in destroying
| back 85 eukaryotic pathogens |
front 86 Which of the following WBCs are not lymphocytes?
| back 86 macrophages |
front 87 Which of the following is involved in ensuring that a mother's antibodies do not react against her fetus?
| back 87 Treg cells |
front 88 Which of the following is the best definition of antigen?
| back 88 a molecule that can bind to antibodies to be produced |
front 89 Please match the type of immunity with correct example
| back 89
|
front 90 PLease match each of the following descriptions to the right class of antibodies
| back 90
|
front 91 The secondary immune response takes longer to be activated compared to primary immune response.
| back 91 False |
front 92 ![]() Arrange the following steps of B cell activation in the right order. | back 92 ![]() |