front 1 What four questions loomed large at the end of the Civil War? | back 1 1. How would the South be rebuilt? 2. How would liberated blacks fare as free men and women? 3. How would Southern states be reintegrated into the Union? 4. Who would direct the process of Reconstruction (Southern states, president, or Congress)? |
front 2 What happened to Jefferson Davis after the Civil War? | back 2 Imprisoned for two years, but was finally released. |
front 3 What was the primary reason that Jefferson Davis was set free after his two year imprisonment? | back 3 The odds were that no Virginian jury would convict him. |
front 4 What happened to all Confederate rebel leaders after the Civil War? | back 4 The rebel leaders were pardoned by President Johnson as a Christmas present in 1868. |
front 5 What was economic life like in the South after the Civil War? | back 5 1. Banks and businesses had locked their doors. 2. Factories were dismantled. 3. transportation system broken down (partially due to Sherman's march) |
front 6 What was agriculture like after the Civil War? | back 6 1) Cotton fields only yielded weeds 2) slave labor system had collapsed 3) seed was scarce 4) livestock had been driven off by Yankees |
front 7 What were princely planter aristocrats like after the Civil War? | back 7 They were temporarily humbled. Slavery, their primary source of wealth, was gone. |
front 8 What happened to many slaves after they were emancipated? | back 8 They were re-enslaved and had to be re-emancipated. |
front 9 What was the master-slave relationship like after the Civil War? | back 9 Loyalty to the plantation master prompted some slaves to resist the liberating Union armies, while other slaves burst forward violently on the day of emancipation. |
front 10 How did some blacks initially respond to the news of emancipation? | back 10 With suspicion and uncertainty. Many changed their names and demanded whites formally address them as "Mr." and "Mrs." Others sought nicer clothing. |
front 11 Why did many emancipated blacks go to the roads? | back 11 To search for lost family members. |
front 12 How did emancipation strengthen the black family? | back 12 Many men and woman formalized "slave marriages" |
front 13 Who were the Exodusters? | back 13 25,000 blacks from Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi who surged in a mass exodus to Kansas from 1878 to 1880. |
front 14 When did the flow of the Exodusters stop? | back 14 When steamboat captains refused to ship more of them across the Mississippi River. |
front 15 What became the focus of the black community? | back 15 The church became the focus of the black community. |
front 16 What did black churches help give rise to? | back 16 Black churches helped give rise to mutual aid societies that helped blacks protect their freedom. |
front 17 What happened when many blacks became interested in education? | back 17 Demand outstripped the quantity of black teachers. |
front 18 What was the Freedman's Bureau? | back 18 It was to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to both freedmen and to white refugees. |
front 19 Who was the head of the Freedman's Bureau? | back 19 Oliver O. Howard |
front 20 What was the Freedman's Bureau's greatest success? | back 20 Education. The Freedman's Bureau taught 200,000 blacks how to read. |
front 21 What mischievous things went on in the Freedman's Bureau? | back 21 Although the bureau was authorized to settle former slaves on 40 acre tracts confiscated from Confederates, little land actually made it into blacks' hands. Instead local administrators often collaborated with planters in expelling blacks from towns and cajoling them into signing labor contracts with their former masters. |
front 22 What did President Andrew Johnson think of the Freedman's Bureau? | back 22 Johnson hated the Freedman's Bureau and repeatedly tried to kill it. |
front 23 How did the Freedman's Bureau end? | back 23 The Freedman's Bureau expired in 1872. |
front 24 What humble beginnings did Johnson come from? | back 24 Johnson was born to poor North Carolinian parents and orphaned early. He never went to school and was apprenticed as a tailor at 10. He taught himself to read and his wife taught him how to write and do simple math. |
front 25 Who did Johnson attract favorable from and why when he was elected to Congress? | back 25 Johnson attracted favorable attention from the North when he refused to secede with his own state, Tennessee. |
front 26 Why was Johnson chosen to be vice president? | back 26 Johnson was chosen to attract support from the War Democrats? |
front 27 What happened at the vice-presidential inaugural ceremonies? | back 27 Johnson had typhoid fever and took some whiskey with unfortunate results. |
front 28 What was Johnson like? | back 28 Johnson was intelligent, able, forceful, honest, devoted to duty and to his people, and a states' rights and Constitution champion. |
front 29 Why was Johnson a misfit as president? | back 29 1. Southerner who did not understand the North 2. A Tennessean who earned he distrust of the South 3. A Democrat who had never been accepted by Republicans 4. A president who had never been elected to the office |
front 30 What did Lincoln believe about the Southern states? | back 30 Lincoln believed the Southern states never legally withdrew from the Union. |
front 31 What was Lincoln's 10% plan? | back 31 the 10% plan decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the US and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be to form a state government. |
front 32 Why did Republicans ram the Wade-Davis Bill through Congress? | back 32 The Republicans were afraid of the planter aristocracy coming back to power and the possible re-enslavement of blacks. |
front 33 What was the Wade-Davis Bill? | back 33 Wade-Davis Bill required 50% of state's voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safeguards for emancipation than Lincoln's as the price of readmission into the Union. |
front 34 What did Lincoln do to the Wade-Davis Bill? | back 34 Lincoln pocket-vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill. |
front 35 What is a pocket-veto? | back 35 A veto when Congress is out of session |
front 36 How did Republicans express their outrage at Lincoln's pocket-veto? | back 36 They refused to seat a delegate from Louisiana after that state had reorganized its government in accordance with Lincoln's 10% plan in 1864. |
front 37 How did the Wade-Davis Bill controversy reveal the differences between Congress and the president? | back 37 Many people in Congress thought that the seceders had left the Union and could only be reentered as "conquered provinces" |
front 38 How did the Wade-Davis Bill controversy reveal the differences among Republicans? | back 38 The majority moderate group tended to agree with Lincoln that the seceded states would reenter the Union as simply and swiftly as reasonable-though on Congress's terms, not the president's. The minority radial group believed the South should atone more painfully for its sins by having its social structure uprooted, the haughty planters punished, and the blacks protected by federal power. |
front 39 Why were some of the radical Republicans pleased when Lincoln was killed? | back 39 The radicals thought that Johnson, who shared their hatred for the planter aristocracy, would also share their desire the reconstruct the South with a rod of iron. |
front 40 What did Johnson do regarding Lincoln's 10% plan? | back 40 He recognized several of them quickly and agreed with Lincoln that the seceded states never left the Union/ |
front 41 What was Johnson's Reconstitution proclamation? | back 41 1) disfranchised certain leading Confederates, including those with taxable property worth $20,000+ (though they might petition him for personal pardons) 2) it called for special state conventions, which were required to repeal the ordinances of secession, repudiate all Confederate dents, and ratify the slave-freeing 13th Amendment |
front 42 Why did Johnson grant pardons in abundance? | back 42 He enjoyed having the high-toned aristocrats beg for his favor. |
front 43 What were the Black Codes? | back 43 The Black Codes were laws designed to regulate the affairs of emancipated blacks. |
front 44 In which states were the Black Codes harshest and most lenient? | back 44 Mississippi's Black Codes were the harshest and Georgia's Black Codes were the most lenient. |
front 45 What were the Black Codes aimed at? | back 45 The Black Codes aimed to ensure a stable and subservient labor force. Many whites wanted to make sure they retained the tight control they had exercised over black field hands and plow drivers in the days of slavery. |
front 46 What were some dire penalties imposed by the Black Codes on blacks who "jumped" their labor contracts? | back 46 1) Committed to work for the same employer for one year usually at pittance wages. 2) In Mississippi captured freedmen could be fined then hired out to pay their fine. |
front 47 What are some examples of Black Codes? | back 47 1) Freedmen could not assemble without the presence of a white person. 2) Freedmen were not to be taught how to read or write. 3) Public facilities were segregated |
front 48 What did the Black Codes also sought to do? | back 48 The Black Codes also sought to restore the pre-emancipation system of race relations. All codes forbade blacks to serve on a jury and vote, and some forbade a black from renting and leasing land. |
front 49 What did many poor former slaves do? | back 49 They became sharecropper farmers |
front 50 What happened when the congressional delegates from the Southern states presented themselves in the Capitol in 1865? | back 50 Many former Confederate leaders showed up |
front 51 Who were the "whitewashed rebels?" | back 51 ex-Confederate leaders who showed up as congressional delegates in the Capitol |
front 52 Why did the South have more votes after the war? | back 52 the 3/5 Compromise was revoked and now the slaves counted for 5/5 of a person, giving the Southern states 12 more votes in Congress and in presidential elections. |
front 53 What provoked the Civil Right's Bill? | back 53 Johnson vetoing the extension of the Freedman's Bureau |
front 54 What was the Civil Rights Bill? | back 54 It conferred on blacks American citizenship and stuck at the Black Codes |
front 55 What did President Johnson do to the Civil Rights Bill? | back 55 He vetoed it |
front 56 What did Congress do to the Civil Rights Bill? | back 56 Congress overrode Johnson's veto and passed the Civil Rights Bill |
front 57 What provoked the 14th Amendment? | back 57 Republicans feared that Southerners might one day win control of Congress and repeal the hated Civil Rights Bill |
front 58 What is the 14th Amendment | back 58 It contained the principles of the Civil Rights Bill 1) conferred civil rights, including citizenship but excluding franchise, on the freedmen 2) reduced proportionality the representation of a state in Congress and the Electoral College if it denied blacks the ballot 3) disqualified from federal and state office former Confederates who as federal officeholders had once sworn "to support the Constitution of the United States" 4) guaranteed the federal debt, while repudiating all Confederate debts |
front 59 What did Johnson suggest to the Southern states regarding the 14th Amendment? | back 59 to reject it |
front 60 What did all Republicans agree on regarding the 14th Amendment? | back 60 No state should be readmitted into the Union unless they ratify the 14th Amendment. |
front 61 Which Southern state first ratified the 14th Amendment? | back 61 Tennessee |
front 62 What was Johnson's famous "swing 'round the circle?" | back 62 Johnson gave a series of "give ;em hell" speeches, in which he accused the radicals in Congress of having planned large-scale antiblack riots and murder in the South. Helped opponent win the congressional elections of 1866. More than 2/3s of both houses of Congress was now Republican. |
front 63 Who was Charles Sumner? | back 63 Led radicals in the Senate and labored for racial equality and black freedom. |
front 64 Who was Thaddeus Stevens? | back 64 Congressman from PA who was the most powerful radical in the House. Defended blacks in court without fee and requested a black burial ceremony. Leading figure in the Joint Committee on Reconstruction. Hated rebellious white Southerners. |
front 65 What was one thing all Republicans agreed on by 1867? | back 65 It was necessary to enfranchise black voters. |
front 66 What was the Reconstruction Act? | back 66 The Reconstruction Act divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a Union general and policed by blue-clad soldiers. It also disfranchised tens of thousands of former Confederates. |
front 67 What were the new conditions for readmission laid down by Congress by the Reconstruction Act? | back 67 1) Wayward states required to ratify 14th Amendment 2) Guarantee full suffrage for their former adult male slaves |
front 68 What was the purpose of the moderates? | back 68 To create an electorate in Southern states that would vote those states back into the Union on acceptable terms and thus free the federal government form direct responsibility for the protection of black rights. |
front 69 What fear stimulated the 15th Amendment? | back 69 Radical Republicans feared the unrepentant states would amend their constitutions so as to withdraw the ballot from blacks. |
front 70 What is the 15th Amendment? | back 70 sought to provide constitutional protection for the suffrage provisions in the Reconstruction Act |
front 71 What was military reconstruction like in the South? | back 71 Usurped certain functions of the president as commander in chief and set up a martial regime of dubious legality. |
front 72 What did the Supreme Court rule in the case of Ex parte Milligan? | back 72 Military tribunals could not try civilians where the civil courts were open. |
front 73 What happened after all the Southern governments had been accorded with full rights? | back 73 Remained under Republican rule than white Redeemers, which were Democrats, took over once federal troops left. |
front 74 Who were prominent women's-rights advocates? | back 74 Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
front 75 How did the Woman's Loyal League help the black cause? | back 75 Gathered 400,000 signatures on petitions asking Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery |
front 76 What was the Union League? | back 76 An organization started by Southern black men. Assisted by Northern blacks, freedmen turned the League into a network of political clubs that educated members on their civic duties and campaigned for Republican candidates. Mission expanded to include building black churches and schools, representing black grievances before local employers and government, and recruiting militias to protect black communities from white retaliation. |
front 77 What was the new political roles of African American women? | back 77 Attended parades and rallies and helped assemble mass meetings in black churches. Showed up at constitutional conventions monitoring the proceedings and participating in informal voting. |
front 78 Who were the backbone of black political community? | back 78 Black men elected as delegates to state constitutional conventions |
front 79 Who were the 2 black senators 1868-1876 from Mississippi? | back 79 Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce |
front 80 Who were scalawags? | back 80 Southerners, often former Unionists and Whigs, accused of plundering the treasuries of Southern states through their political influence in the radical governments. |
front 81 Who were carpetbaggers? | back 81 Sleazy Northerners who had packed up all their worldly goods in a carpetbag suitcase at the war's ends and had come south to seek personal power and wealth. |
front 82 Who actually were most carpetbaggers? | back 82 Former Union soldiers and Northern businessmen and professionals who wanted to play a role in modernizing the "New South" |
front 83 How did the radical regimes rule? | back 83 1. radical legislatures passed much desirable legislation and introduced many needed reforms 2. steps were taken in establishing adequate public schools 3. tax systems were streamlined 4. public works were launched 5. property rights granted to women 6) in LA and SC inexperienced blacks were sometimes used as pawns |
front 84 What was the Ku Klux Klan ("Invisible Empire of the South")? | back 84 founded in TN. designed to frighten "upstart" blacks |
front 85 What were the Force Acts? | back 85 response to KKK; ruled out much of "lash law" |
front 86 How was wholesale disfranchisement of blacks done? | back 86 unfair literacy tests |
front 87 What was the Tenure Office Act? | back 87 Designed as first step to remove Johnson. required president to secure consent of the senate before he could remove one of his appointees once they had been approved by that body. one purpose to freeze Edwin M. Stanton in cabinet who spied on Johnson. |
front 88 What did Johnson's lawyers argue during his impeachment trial? | back 88 Johnson fired Stanton to put a test case before the Supreme Court. Not impeached y margin of 1 vote. |
front 89 What factors shaped the outcome of Johnson's impeachment trial? | back 89 1. fear of creating destabilizing precedent 2. opposition to abusing the constitutional mechanism of checks and balances 3. next in line for presidency, Benjamin Wade was a bad candidate 4. Johnson agreed to stop obstructing Republican policies in return for remaining in office |
front 90 What was the Johnson administration's most endearing success in? | back 90 foreign relations (purchase of Alaska) |
front 91 Why did the Russians want to sell Alaska to the US in 1867 | back 91 1. overextended in US 2. did not want Britain to take control; preferred US because they wanted to strengthen it against Britain |
front 92 What was Seward's Folly? | back 92 William Seward signed a contract with Russia that transferred Alaska to the US for $7.2 million |
front 93 Why did Congress and the American public sanction the purchase of Alaska? | back 93 1. Since Russia had been friendly to US during Civil War, US did not think it polite to reject gift 2. territory rumored to be teeming with furs, fish, and gold |