front 1 Harriet Beecher Stowe | back 1 (1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. |
front 2 John Brown | back 2 (1800-1859) anti-slavery advocate who believed that God had called upon him to abolish slavery. Devoted over 20 years to fighting slavery- he and his followers (his sons and others) killed five men in the pro slavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek. Triggered dozens of incidents throughout Kansas some 200 people were killed- tried, convicted and executed |
front 3 James Buchanan | back 3 The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861)- tried to maintain a balance between pro-slavery and antislavery factions- his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860. |
front 4 Charles Sumner | back 4 A leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote. |
front 5 John C. Fremont | back 5 American military officer, explorer- the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States-the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery. |
front 6 Dred Scott | back 6 A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that slaves were not citizens and therefore had no rights or protections under the Constitution. |
front 7 Roger Taney | back 7 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case. He stated that Scott was not a free man and that his case was unconstitutional. |
front 8 Abraham Lincoln | back 8 (1809-1865) Sixteenth president of the United States, he promoted equal rights for African Americans in the famed Lincoln- Douglas debates. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation and set in motion the Civil War- he was determined to preserve the Union- assassinated in 1865. |
front 9 Jefferson Davis | back 9 Virginia statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865 |
front 10 John Crittenden | back 10 A Senator from Kentucky who made a last effort to save the Union by introducing a bill to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific, and he proposed an amendment to the Constitution that would guarantee forever the right to hold slaves in states south of the compromise line. |
front 11 Uncle Tom's Cabin | back 11 Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced England's view on the American Deep South and slavery. A novel promoting abolition, it intensified sectional conflict. |
front 12 The Impending Crisis of the South | back 12 A book written by Hinton Helper. Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. The non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the North to find a publisher that would publish his book. |
front 13 New England Immigrant Aid Society | back 13 Was a transportation company in Boston, Massachusetts, created to transport immigrants to the Kansas Territory to shift the balance of power so that Kansas would enter the United States as a free state rather than a slave state. |
front 14 Pottawatomie Creek Massacre | back 14 In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas |
front 15 "Bleeding Kansas" | back 15 A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent. |
front 16 Dred Scott v. Sanford | back 16 Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens |
front 17 Panic of 1857 | back 17 Began with the failure of the Ohio Life Insurance Company and spread to the urban east. The depression affected the industrial east and the wheat belt more than the South. |
front 18 Lincoln-Douglas debates | back 18 1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported popular sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate. |
front 19 Freeport Doctrine | back 19 Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election. |
front 20 Harpers Ferry raid | back 20 October of 1859- John Brown attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of this were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause. |
front 21 "Beecher's Bibles" | back 21 Deadly rifles paid for by New England abolitionists and brought to Kansas by antislavery pioneers. |
front 22 Crittenden Compromise | back 22 1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans |
front 23 Constitutional Union Party | back 23 Also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party-1860 election; it was a middle of the road group that feared for the Union- consisted mostly of Whigs and Know-Nothings, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bell of Tennessee as candidate for presidency-the slogan for this candidate was "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the laws." |
front 24 Confederate States of America | back 24 (1860) Eight Southern states that seceded from the Union-beginning with South Carolina- The Confederacy was led by Jefferson Davis; He eventually attacked the federally controlled Fort Sumter on April 12th 1861, marking the first battle of the Civil War. |
front 25 Henry Ward Beecher | back 25 Theologically liberal American Congregationalist clergyman & reformer, & author- elder sisters was Harriet Beecher Stowe. Advocate of women's suffrage and temperance, against slavery- bought guns to support Bleeding Kansas |
front 26 Preston Brooks | back 26 A hot tempered Congressman of South Carolina took vengeance in his own hands. He beat Sumner with a cane until he was restrained by other Senators. He later resigned from his position, but was soon reelected. |
front 27 Stephen A. Douglas | back 27 An Illinois Senator who ran against Lincoln in the 1860 presidential election on a popular sovereignty platform for slavery- authored the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and heightened the slavery debate |
front 28 Lewis Cass | back 28 Democratic senator who proposed popular sovereignty to settle the slavery question in the territories; he lost the presidential election in 1848 against Zachary Taylor but continued to advocate his solution to the slavery issue throughout the 1850s. |
front 29 Stephen A. Douglas | back 29 An Illinois Senator who ran against Lincoln, Bell, and Breckenridge in the 1860 presidential election on a popular sovereignty platform for slavery, He also authored the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and heightened the slavery debate |
front 30 Franklin Pierce | back 30 Democrat (1853-1857), Candidate from the North who could please the South. His success in securing the Gadsden Purchase was overshadowed by the controversy surrounding the Ostend Manifesto, the Kansas Nebraska Act and "Bleeding Kansas." Passions over slavery had been further inflamed, and the North and South were more irreconcilable than before. He succeeded only in splitting the country further apart. |
front 31 Zachary Taylor | back 31 (1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore. |
front 32 John C. Calhoun | back 32 (1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class. |
front 33 Winfield Scott | back 33 Whig candidate in 1852; an impressive figure though one whose personality and support of the Compromise of 1850 repelled the masses. Southerners did not accept his loyalty to the fugitive slave law, and northerners deplored his support of the same law. He lost to Pierce. |
front 34 Martin Van Buren | back 34 Presidential Candidate for the Free Soil Party in 1848 |
front 35 Daniel Webster | back 35 supported Clay's proposals and called for an end to the bitter sectionalism that was dividing the nation. Argued for Clays compromise in order to preserve the Union |
front 36 Matthew C. Perry | back 36 U.S. Naval officer who opened trade with Japan |
front 37 Harriet Tubman | back 37 American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. |
front 38 William H. Seward | back 38 secretary of state under lincoln and johnson - set the precedent for increased american participation in the western hemisphere - engineered purchase of alaska and invoked the monroe doctrine to force france out of mexico |
front 39 James Gadsden | back 39 A prominent South Carolina railroad man, appointed minister to Mexico. He negotiated a treaty in 1853 which ceded to the United States the Gadsden Purchase area for 10 million dollars. |
front 40 Henry Clay | back 40 Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. |
front 41 Millard Fillmore | back 41 (1850-1853) The Fugitive Slave Act was passed in 1850. California becomes a free state, territories chose popular sovereignty, Uncle Tom's Cabin. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise. |
front 42 William Walker | back 42 A proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made. |
front 43 popular sovereignty | back 43 Notion that the people of a territory should determine if they want to be a slave state or a free state. |
front 44 filibustering | back 44 Referring to adventurers who conduct a private war against a foreign country. |
front 45 Free Soil party | back 45 Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory. |
front 46 Fugitive Slave Law | back 46 Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad. |
front 47 "personal liberty laws" | back 47 pre-Civil War laws passed by Northern state governments to counteract the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Acts and to protect escaped slaves and free blacks settled in the North, by giving them the right to a jury trial. |
front 48 Underground Railroad | back 48 A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North |
front 49 Compromise of 1850 | back 49 (1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas |
front 50 "fire eaters" | back 50 refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America. |
front 51 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | back 51 1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881. |
front 52 Ostend Manifesto | back 52 A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S. |
front 53 Kansas-Nebraska Act | back 53 1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. |
front 54 Gadsden Purchase | back 54 Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny. |
front 55 Treaty of Wanghia | back 55 The first diplomatic agreement between China and America in history, signed on July 3, 1844. Since America signed as a nation interested in trade instead of colonization, it was rewarded with extraordinary amount of trading power. |
front 56 California gold rush | back 56 1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on fed gov. to establish a stable gov. in CA |
front 57 Seventh of March Speech | back 57 This was a famous speech given by Daniel Webster when he was trying to work out the Compromise of 1850. In it, he fought for compromise. He asked for a stricter fugitive slave law and said that there was no need to legislate slavery in the territories because the land was not fit for it. His speech became widely printed and read, and it increased the popularity of Union and compromise. |
front 58 Opium War | back 58 War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. |
front 59 Caleb Cushing | back 59 Opens up commerce in China and negotiated Treaty of Wanghia, first formal agreement between China and US, and granted US trading rights, also states that Americans will be tried in American courts, not chinese |
front 60 As a result of the introduction of the cotton gin, slavery was | back 60 reinvigorated |
front 61 Members of the planter aristocracy dominated | back 61 politics and society in the South |
front 62 All of the following were true of the American cotton economy under Cotton Kingdom except | back 62 quick profits from cotton drew planters to its economic enterprise |
front 63 Plantation agriculture was wasteful largely because | back 63 its excessive cultivation of cotton despoiled the good earth |
front 64 Plantation mistresses commanded a sizeable household staff of mostly | back 64 female slaves |
front 65 Plantation agriculture was | back 65 economically unstable and wasteful |
front 66 The plantation system of the Cotton South was increasingly | back 66 monopolistic |
front 67 All of the following were weaknesses of the slave plantation system except | back 67 that its land continued to remain in the hands of small farmers |
front 68 German and Irish immigration to the South was discouraged by | back 68 competition with slave labor |
front 69 As their main crop, southern subsistence farmers raised | back 69 corn |
front 70 Most white southerners were | back 70 subsidence farmers |
front 71 All told, only about 1⁄4 of white southerners | back 71 owned slaves or belonged to a slaveholding family |
front 72 "We must get rid of slavery or we must get rid of freedom" - | back 72 Ralph Waldo Emerson |
front 73 By the mid-nineteenth century, most slaves | back 73 lived on large plantations |
front 74 Most slaves in the South were owned by | back 74 plantation owners |
front 75 The majority of southern whites owned no slaves because | back 75 they could not afford the purchase price |
front 76 The most pro-Union of the white southerners were | back 76 people with northern economic interests |
front 77 Some southern slaves gained their freedom as a result of | back 77 purchasing their way out of slavery |
front 78 The great increase of the slave population in the first half of the nineteenth century was largely due to | back 78 natural reproduction |
front 79 Northern attitudes toward free blacks can best be described as | back 79 liking the individual but despising the race |
front 80 For free blacks living in the North | back 80 discrimination was common |
front 81 The profitable southern slave system hobbled the economic development of | back 81 the region as a whole |
front 82 Regarding work assignments, slaves were | back 82 generally spared dangerous work |
front 83 Perhaps the slave's greatest horror, and the theme of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, was the | back 83 enforced separation of slave families |
front 84 By 1860, slaves were concentrated in the | back 84 "black belt" located in the Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana |
front 85 As a substitute for the wage-incentive system, slaveowners most often used | back 85 the whip as a motivator |
front 86 By 1860, life for slaves was most difficult in | back 86 the newer states of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana |
front 87 Forced separation of spouses, parents, and children was most common on | back 87 small plantations and in the upper South |
front 88 Most slaves were raised in | back 88 stable two-parent households |
front 89 One way slaves did not fight the system was by | back 89 refusing to get an education |
front 90 As a result of white southerners' brutal treatment of their slaves and their fear of potential slave rebellions, | back 90 the South developed a theory of biological racial superiority |
front 91 In the pre-Civil War South, the most uncommon and least successful form of slave resistance was | back 91 armed insurrection |
front 92 John Quincy Adams, Nat Turner, David Walker, Denmark Vesey, and Gabriel. What doesn't belong? | back 92 John Quincy Adams |
front 93 The idea of transporting blacks back to Africa was supported by | back 93 the black leader Martin Delaney |
front 94 Match each abolitionist below with his publication. | back 94 William Lloyd Garrison - The Liberator Theodore Dwight Weld - American Slavery as It Is Frederick Douglass - Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass David Walker - The Appeal |
front 95 Know the following in chronological order: | back 95 American Colonization Society (1816), American Anti-Slavery Society (1833), Liberty party (1840) |
front 96 William Lloyd Garrison pledged his dedication to | back 96 the immediate abolition of slavery in the South |
front 97 Match each abolitionist below with his role in the movement. | back 97 Wendell Phillips - abolitionist golden trumpet Frederick Douglass - black abolitionist Elijah P. Lovejoy - abolitionist martyr William Lloyd Garrison - abolitionist newspaper publisher |
front 98 Many abolitionists turned to political action in 1840 when | back 98 they backed the presidential candidate of the Liberty Party |
front 99 The voice of white southern abolitionism fell silent at the beginning of the | back 99 1830s |
front 100 In arguing for the continuation of slavery after 1830, southerners placed themselves | back 100 in opposition to much of the rest of the Western world |
front 101 Those in the North who opposed the abolitionists believed that | back 101 these opponents of slavery were creating disorder in America |
front 102 Conclusions made my Ulrich B. Phillips were that: | back 102 slaves were racially inferior, slavery was a dying economic institution, planters treated their slaves with kindly paternalism, and that salves were passive by nature, and did not abhor slavery |
front 103 The South became the Cotton Kingdom in the early nineteenth century because of: | back 103 Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin, the new profitability of short-staple cotton, and the opening of rich river bottomlands in the Gulf Coast states |
front 104 Cotton became important to the prosperity of the North as well as the South because; | back 104 northern merchants handled the shipping of southern cotton and that cotton accounted for about half the value of all United States exports after 1840 |
front 105 The pre-Civil War South was characterized by; | back 105 a well-developed martial spirit, the lack of free, tax-supported public education, a widening gap between rich and poor, a ruling planter aristocracy, a growing hostility to free speech and a free press |
front 106 Even those who did not own slaves in the pre-Civil War South supported that institution because | back 106 they dreamed of one day owning slaves themselves presumed themselves racially superior to black slaves |
front 107 Before the Civil War, free blacks were often the mulatto offspring of white fathers and black mothers, were often | back 107 forbidden basic civil rights, were disliked in the North as well as the South |
front 108 Slaves were regarded primarily as | back 108 financial investments by their owners, the primary form of wealth in the South, and profitable for their owners |
front 109 The slave culture was characterized by a hybrid religion of | back 109 Christianity and African elements, widespread illiteracy, and subtle forms of resistance |
front 110 After 1830, the abolitionist movement took a new, more energetic tone, encouraged by | back 110 the success of the British having slavery abolished in the British West Indies, and the religious spirit of the Second Great Awakening |
front 111 The South's "positive good" argument for slavery claimed that | back 111 slavery was supported by the Bible, and the Constitution, slavery converted the barbaric Africans to Christianity, slaves were treated as members of the family, and they were better off than most northern wage earners |
front 112 After 1830, most people in the North held that the Constitution | back 112 sanctioned slavery and were alarmed by the radical abolitionists |