Anticholinesterase inhibitors may be used to manage
muscular dystrophy.
myasthenia gravis.
fibromyalgia.
rheumatoid arthritis.

myasthenia gravis.

A risk factor for osteoporosis is
endometriosis.
early menopause.
late menopause.
ovarian cysts.

early menopause.

Bone healing may be impaired by
excessive vitamin C.
nicotine use.
a high-protein diet.
immobilization.

nicotine use.

Characteristics of immunization include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Giving injections of preformed antibodies provides immediate immunity.
Immunization provides life-long immunity.
Immunization with killed vaccines may lead to infection from the agent.
Herd immunity controls disease without immunizing everyone in the population.
Lack of immunization may lead to an epidemic.

Giving injections of preformed antibodies provides immediate immunity.
Herd immunity controls disease without immunizing everyone in the population.
Lack of immunization may lead to an epidemic.

Compartment syndrome occurs secondary to
bone infarction.
soft-tissue damage.
muscle necrosis.
breakdown of RBCs.

soft-tissue damage.

Complete healing of a bone fracture occurs when
no movement of the break is detectable.
the callus has been completely replaced with mature bone.
the fracture site and surrounding soft tissue are pain free.
a cast is no longer required to stabilize the break.

the callus has been completely replaced with mature bone.

Dietary zinc is an important defense against infection, because it maintains (Select all that apply.)
natural killer cell function.
lymphocyte activity.
antioxidant activity.
neutrophil activity.
complement activity.

natural killer cell function.
lymphocyte activity.
neutrophil activity.
complement activity.

Drug resistance of microbes occurs secondary to
patient allergy to a drug.
mutation of the microbe.
enhance pathogenicity of the microbe.
using high doses of drugs.

mutation of the microbe.

Following a bone fracture, the most likely event to occur is
development of a blood clot beneath the periosteum.
leukocyte infiltration into bone tissue.
blood vessel growth at the fracture site.
migration of osteoblasts to the fracture site.

development of a blood clot beneath the periosteum.

Free radicals are unstable molecules that cause cellular injury by:
antioxidant activity.
hypoxia.
cell membrane damage.
phagocytosis.

cell membrane damage.

Healing of a fractured bone with a poor alignment is called
malunion.
nonunion.
disunion.
delayed union.

malunion.

Immune function is likely to be most effective in a
newborn.
7-month-old infant.
30-year-old.
70-year-old.

30-year-old.

In older women, osteoporosis is thought to be primarily because of
dietary inadequacies.
estrogen deficiency.
malabsorption syndrome.
inactivity.

estrogen deficiency.

Most muscle strains are caused by
a tear in an adjoining tendon.
abnormal muscle contraction.
muscle asymmetry.
bleeding into the muscle.

abnormal muscle contraction.

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which
neuronal demyelination disrupts nerve transmission.
muscles become increasingly bulky but weakened.
acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional.
acetylcholine release from motor neurons is disrupted.

acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional.

Paget’s disease is characterized by
overactivity of osteoblasts leading to multiple bone tumors.
excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone.
inflammatory disorder resulting in fusion of spine joints.
failure of resorption by osteoclasts resulting in hard bones.

excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone.

Pain in fibromyalgia involves
muscle inflammation.
autoimmune destruction of muscle tissue.
nerve inflammation.
changes in pain transmission in the spinal cord.

changes in pain transmission in the spinal cord.

Pain with passive stretching of a muscle is indicative of
noncontractile tissue injury.
contractile tissue injury.
vascular insufficiency.
skeletal muscle damage.

noncontractile tissue injury.

Rickets is characterized by soft, weak bones resulting from a deficiency of
calcium.
estrogen.
phosphate.
vitamin D.

vitamin D.

Risk of infection is increased in (Select all that apply.)
use of corticosteroids.
diabetes mellitus.
spleen removal.
stomach removal.
stress.

use of corticosteroids.
diabetes mellitus.
spleen removal.
stress.

The disorders characterized by softening and then enlargement of bones is referred to as
osteomyelitis.
osteoporosis.
Paget disease.
rickets.

Paget disease.

The displacement of two bones in which the articular surfaces partially lose contact with each other is called
subluxation.
subjugation
sublimation.
dislocation.

subluxation.

The most common method of disease transmission is
airborne.
droplet.
vector.
inoculant.

droplet.

The most common site affected in Paget’s disease is the
lower spine.
skull.
pelvis.
joints.

lower spine.

The most common symptom of multiple myeloma is
pathologic fracture.
fever.
bone pain.
osteomyelitis.

bone pain.

The most common type of osteomyelitis is
hematogenous.
contiguous focus.
Brodie abscess.
direct invasion.

hematogenous.

The pathophysiology of osteomalacia involves
increased osteoclast activity.
collagen breakdown in the bone matrix.
crowding of cells in the osteoid.
inadequate mineralization in the osteoid.

inadequate mineralization in the osteoid.

The precursor cell to the macrophage is the:
neutrophil.
eosinophil.
fibroblast.
monocyte.

monocyte.

The process of covering bacteria with antibodies to promote phagocytosis of the microorganisms is called:
neutralization.
precipitation.
margination.
opsonization.

opsonization.

The process of programmed cellular self-destruction is called:
necrosis.
gangrene.
somatic death.
apoptosis.

apoptosis.

The term used to describe fungal infections is
sepsis.
mycoses.
amebiasis.
Chlamydia.

mycoses.

What are polymorphonucleocytes?
Neutrophils
Mast cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Macrophages

Neutrophils

When mast cells degranulate, they release:
perforins and other toxins.
histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
complement.
antibodies.

histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

Where are neutrophils produced and stored in the body?

Bone marrow
Kidney
Thymus
Lymph nodes

Bone marrow

Which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency?
Osteomalacia
Osteopenia
Osteomyelitis
Osteoporosis

Osteomalacia

Which of the following cells produce antibodies?
T cells
Mast cells
Plasma cells
Macrophages

Plasma cells

Which of the following cells are strong phagocytes?
Macrophages
T lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Natural killer cells

Macrophages

Which of the following terms indicates cell death that occurs by severe cell swelling and the breakdown of organelles?
Gangrene
Metastasis
Necrosis
Adaptation

Necrosis