front 1 hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads | back 1 the three component glands of the reproductive system |
front 2 releases gonadotropin releasing hormone | back 2 function of the hypothalamus in reproductive system |
front 3 releases luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin among others | back 3 pituitary function in reproductive system |
front 4 ovaries and testes | back 4 gonads |
front 5 production of sperm and reproductive steroid hormones | back 5 2 main functions of testes |
front 6 2 degrees Celsius lower than core body temperature | back 6 optimal sperm production temperature |
front 7 seminiferous tubules and interstitium | back 7 two units of the testes |
front 8 germ cells and Sertoli cells | back 8 the two cell types that lead to sperm production |
front 9 spermatogonia | back 9 stem cells that form sperm |
front 10 haploid cells | back 10 transform to form mature sperm |
front 11 gonadotrophs | back 11 pituitary cells that produce LH and FSH |
front 12 luteinizing hormone | back 12 stimulates Leydig cells in interstitium; testosterone is produced |
front 13 follicle-stimulating hormone | back 13 stimulates Sertoli cells to produce androgen-binding protein; promotes spermatogenesis |
front 14 glycoproteins | back 14 shared alpha unit wiht TSH and hCG; beta subunit confers specificity |
front 15 pregnanolone | back 15 rate limiting step in testosterone synthesis |
front 16 Acetate -> cholesterol -> pregnanolone -> 17-hydroxypregnanolone -> dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) -> androstenedione -> testosterone | back 16 testosterone production |
front 17 sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) | back 17 binds 60% of testosterone |
front 18 albumin | back 18 binds 38% of testosterone |
front 19 biologically active free form | back 19 2% of testosterone |
front 20 hypergonadotropic hypogonadism | back 20 decreased testosterone, increased FSH/LH, and impaired sperm production |
front 21 Klinefelter's syndrome | back 21 presence of an extra chromosome leading to hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, small testicles, and azoospermia |
front 22 47, XXY, 11 | back 22 karyotype of Klinefelter's syndrome |
front 23 testicular feminization syndrome | back 23 most severe form of androgen resistance syndrome; mutations in androgen receptor and impaired androgen actions in target tissues; development of female phenotype |
front 24 hypogonadotropic hypogonadism | back 24 decreased testosterone and decreased or inappropriately normal FSH or LH levels |
front 25 Kallmann's syndrome | back 25 manifests as hypogonadism during puberty; impaired GnRH secretion; x-linked recessive |
front 26 hyperprolactinemia | back 26 drug induced or prolactin-producing tumor; impairment of FSH/LH pulses and amplitude due to disruption of GnRH pulsations |
front 27 Type II diabetes | back 27 associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in at least 25-50% of men; insulin action is impt for LH release, affected by insulin resistance |
front 28 Figure 22.1 | back 28 no data |
front 29 progesterone and estrogens | back 29 hormones produced by female reproductive system |
front 30 ovaries | back 30 develop if no Y chromosome; paired organs with dual functions; gamete production and steroid hormone production |
front 31 hormones from hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries | back 31 prepare the uterus for implantation of embryo; uterine lining shed in absence of implantation |
front 32 early follicular phase | back 32 increased FSH, low LH, estrogen, and progesterone; promotes maturation of the follicle and release of estradiol |
front 33 late follicular phase | back 33 estradiol rises rapidly, FSH decreases |
front 34 midcycle/ovulation | back 34 LH peaks, estradiol drops |
front 35 luteal phase | back 35 LH and FSH decrease, progesterone and estradiol increase; ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum; produces progesterone 3 days after ovulation; inhibits LH secretion; new follicle develops |
front 36 regression | back 36 FSH increases, progesterone and estradiol decrease |
front 37 menstruation | back 37 levels constant, FSH increases |
front 38 inhibit FSH secretion | back 38 rising estradiol levels-negative feedback |
front 39 promote LH secretion | back 39 rising estradiol levels-positive feedback |
front 40 luteinizing hormone | back 40 surge in production in response to increasing estradiol; ruptures follicle leading to ovulation; peaks midcycle |
front 41 progesterone | back 41 peaks 8-9 days after LH peak |
front 42 LH and FSH decrease | back 42 estradiol and progesterone increase |
front 43 corpus luteum regression | back 43 affect of decreasing FSH |
front 44 decreasing estradiol and progesterone | back 44 corpus luteum regression affect |
front 45 estrogen | back 45 promotes breast, uterine, and vaginal development |
front 46 progesterone | back 46 induces secretory activity of endometrial glands; readies endometrium for implantation |
front 47 androgens (androstendione, testosterone, and DHT) | back 47 excess leads to hirsutism, loss of female characteristics, development of male secondary sexual features |
front 48 inhibins A and B | back 48 inhibit FSH production |
front 49 activin | back 49 enhances FSH secretion and induces steroidogenesis |
front 50 estrogens | back 50 18 carbon atoms; develop and maintain female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics; regulate menstrual cycle and maintain pregnancy; bone growth; synthesized from androgens |
front 51 estrodial, estriol, and estrone | back 51 3 types of estrogens |
front 52 estradiol | back 52 most potent estrogen; secreted almost entirely by the ovaries; 2-3% free (active), 97% bound to SHBG; measured by direct immunoassay; monitors ovarian function |
front 53 estriol | back 53 made by fetus and placenta; >90% of known estrogens of pregnancy; promotes uteroplacental blood flow; increases during pregnancy; monitors fetoplacental unit |
front 54 estriol | back 54 surges in the last 4-6 weeks |
front 55 estrone | back 55 estrogen that occurs after menopause |
front 56 progesterone | back 56 21 carbon atoms; prepare uterus for implantation, maintain pregnancy, prepare breasts for lactation, and used by fetus to synthesize cortisol and sex steroid precursors |
front 57 corpus luteum | back 57 source of progesterone in non-pregnant women |
front 58 placenta | back 58 source of progesterone in pregnant women |
front 59 adrenal cortex and tesets | back 59 minor sources for progesterone |
front 60 cholesterol | back 60 progesterone synthesized from; precursor for androgens and estrogens |
front 61 corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) | back 61 binds 90-98% of progesterone |
front 62 prolactin | back 62 initiates and maintains lactation; develops breast tissue |
front 63 pituitary gland | back 63 source of prolactin |
front 64 pregnancy, nursing, strenuous exercise, and daytime (diurnal variation) | back 64 times prolactin is elevated |
front 65 dopamine from the hypothalamus | back 65 control for prolactin |
front 66 human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) | back 66 produced by placenta; 2 subunits alpha and beta; maintains progesterone levels in first trimester and aids fetal development |
front 67 no data | back 67 normal hCG levels |
front 68 no data | back 68 multiple pregnancy hCG level |
front 69 no data | back 69 ectopic pregnancy hCG level |
front 70 no data | back 70 miscarriage hCG level |
front 71 no data | back 71 trophoblastic disease hCG level |
front 72 amenorrhea | back 72 absence of menses |
front 73 oligomenorrhea | back 73 infrequent or irregular menstrual bleeding |
front 74 hypogonadotropic hypogonadism | back 74 deficiency of FSH and LH; can cause secondary amenorrhea |
front 75 hypergonadotropic hypogonadism | back 75 ovarian failure with elevation of FSH concentrations |
front 76 polycystic ovary syndrome | back 76 infertility, hirsutism, chronic anovulation, glucose intolerance, hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension |