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Exercise 40: Anatomy of the Urinary System

front 1 THE KIDNEY IS REFERRED TO AS AN EXCRETORY ORGAN BECAUSE IT EXCRETES __1__ WASTES. IT IS ALSO A MAJOR HOMEOSTATIC ORGAN BECAUSE IT MAINTAINS THE ELECTROLYTE, __2__ AND __3__ BALANCE OF THE BLOOD.	back 1 1. NITROGENOUS 2. ACID-BASE 3. FLUID
front 2 URINE IS CONTINUOUSLY FORMED BY THE __4__ AND IS ROUTED DOWN THE __5__ BY THE MECHANISM OF __6__ TO A STORAGE ORGAN CALLED THE __7__. EVENTUALLY, THE URINE IS CONDUCTED TO THE BODY __8__ BY THE URETHRA.	back 2 4. KIDNEYS 5. URETERS 6. PANSTALSIS 7. BLADDER 8. EXTERIOR
front 3 IN THE MALE, THE URETHRA IS __9__ CENTIMETERS LONG AND TRANSPORTS BOTH URINE AND __10__. THE FEMALE URETHRA IS __11__ CENTIMETERS LONG AND TRANSPORTS ONLY URINE.	back 3 9. 20 10. SPERM 11. 4
front 4 VOIDING ON EMPTYING THE BLADDER IS CALLED __12__. VOIDING HAS BOTH VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY COMPONENTS. THE VOLUNTARY SPHINCTER IS THE __13__SPHINCTER. AN INABILITY TO CONTROL THIS SPHINCTER IS REFERRED TO AS __14__.	back 4 12. MICTURATION 13. EXTERNAL 14. INCONTINENCE

front 5 WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE FAT CUSHION THAT SURROUNDS THE KIDNEYS IN LIFE?	back 5 PERIRENAL FAT CAPSULES ANCHOR THE KIDNEYS TO THE DORSAL BODY WILL IN A RETROPERITONEAL POSITION & CUSHIONS IT AGAINST BLOWS.
front 6 DEFINE PTOSIS	back 6 KIDNEYS ARE LESS SECURELY ANCHORED AND DROP TO A MORE INFERIOR POSITION.
front 7 WHY IS INCONTINENCE A NORMAL PHENOMENON IN THE CHILD UNDER 1 1/2 TO 2 YEARS OLD?	back 7 BECAUSE THEY HAVE NOT YET GAINED MUSCLE CONTROL OVER THEIR EXTERNAL SPHINCTER.
front 8 WHAT EVENTS MAY LEAD TO ITS OCCURRENCE IN THE ADULT?	back 8 SPINAL CORD INJURY, EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS, BLADDER IRRITABILITY, OR SOME OTHER PATHOLOGY OF THE URINARY TRACT.

front 9	back 9
front 10 SMOOTH MEMBRANE, TIGHTLY ADHERENT TO THE KIDNEY SURFACE	back 10 FIBROUS CAPSULE
front 11 PORTION OF THE KIDNEY CONTAINING MOSTLY COLLECTING DUCTS	back 11 MEDULLA
front 12 PORTION OF THE KIDNEY CONTAINING THE BULK OF THE NEPHRON STRUCTURES	back 12 CORTEX

front 13 SUPERFICIAL REGION OF KIDNEY TISSUE	back 13 CORTEX
front 14 BASINLIKE AREA OF THE KIDNEY, CONTINUOUS WITH THE URETER	back 14 RENAL PELVIS
front 15 A CUP-SHAPED EXTENSION OF THE PELVIS THAT ENCIRCLES THE APEX OF A PYRAMID	back 15 MINOR CALYX
front 16 AREA OF CORTICAL TISSUE RUNNING BETWEEN THE MEDULLARY PYRAMIDS	back 16 RENAL COLUMN

front 17	back 17 A. AFFERENT ARTERIOLE B. EFFERENT ARTERIOLE C. CORTICAL RADIATE ARTERY D. CORTICAL RADIATE VEIN E. ARCUATE ARTERY F. ARCUATE VEIN G. INTERLOBAR ARTERY H. INTERLOBAR VEIN I. COLLECTING DUCT J. LOOP OF HENLE K. PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES L. DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE M. PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE N. GLOMERULUS O. GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
front 18 SITE OF FILTRATION FORMATION	back 18 GLOMERULUS
front 19 PRIMARY SITE OF TUBULAR REABSORPTION	back 19 PROXIMAL CONVULATED TUBULE
front 20 STRUCTURE THAT CONVEYS THE PROCESSED FILTRATE (URINE) TO THE RENAL PELVIS	back 20 DISTAL CONVULATED TUBULE

front 21 BLOOD SUPPLY THAT DIRECTLY RECIEVES SUBSTANCES FROM THE TUBULAR CELLS	back 21 PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES
front 22 ITS INNER (VISCERAL) MEMBRANE FORMS PART OF THE FILTRATION MEMBRANE	back 22 GLOMERULAR CAPSULE
front 23 EXPLAIN WHY THE GLOMERULUS IS SUCH A HIGH-PRESSURE CAPILLARY BED.	back 23 1. THE BED IS FED AND DRAINED BY ARTERIOLES (HIGH RESISTANT VESSELS) 2. THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE (FEEDER) IS LARGER IN DIAMETER THAN THE EFFERENT ARTERIOLE (DRAINING)
front 24 HOW DOES ITS HIGH-PRESSURE CONDITION AID ITS FUNCTION OF FILTRATE FORMATION?	back 24 THE HIGHER THE CAPILLARY PRESSURE, THE MORE FILTRATE WILL BE FORMED

front 25 WHAT STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION OF CERTAIN TUBULE CELLS ENHANCES THEIR ABILITY TO REABSORB SUBSTANCES FROM THE FILTRATE?	back 25 THEIR POSSESSION OF DENSE MICROVILLI, ESPECIALLY THE PCT CELLS.
front 26 EXPLAIN THE MECHANISM OF TUBULAR SECRETION, AND EXPLAIN ITS IMPORTANCE IN THE URINE-FORMATION PROCESS.	back 26 1. BLOOD PLASMA CONTAINS RED-WHITE BLOOD CELLS, BLOOD PROTEINS, GLUCOSE, WATER, NITROGENIOUS WASTE AND SALTS. 2. GLOMERULAR FILTRATE CONTAINS EVERYTHING BLOOD PLASMA DOES WITHOUT MOST OF THE BLOOD PROTEINS.
front 27 TRACE A DROP OF BLOOD FROM THE TIME IT ENTERS THE KIDNEY VIA THE RENAL ARTERY UNTIL IT LEAVES THE KIDNEY THROUGH THE RENAL VEIN.	back 27 RENAL ARTERY -> SEGMENTAL ARTERY -> INTERLOBULAR ARTERY -> ARCUATE ARTERY -> CORTICAL RADIATE ARTERY -> AFFERENT ARTERIOLES -> GLOMERULUS -> EFFERENT ARTERIOLES -> PERITUBULAR CAPILLARY BED AND VASA RECTA -> ARCUATE VEIN -> INTERLOBULAR VEIN -> RENAL VEIN
front 28	back 28

front 29 DEFINE JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS	back 29 REGION OF NEPHRON THAT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN FORMING CONCENTRATED URINE. CONSISTS OF JUXTAGLOMERULAR AND MACULA DENSA CELLS OF THE DCT.
front 30 TRACE THE ANATOMICAL PATHWAY OF A MOLECULE OF CREATININE (METABOLIC WASTE) FROM THE GLOMERULAR CAPSULE TO THE URETHRA. NOTE EACH MICROSCOPE AND/OR GROSS STRUCTURE IT PASSES THROUGH IN ITS TRAVELS. NAME THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE RENAL TUBULE.	back 30 GLOMERULAR CAPSULE -> PROXIMAL CONVULATED TUBULE -> LOOP OF HENLE -> DISTAL CONVULATED TUBULE -> COLLECTING TUBULE -> PAPILLARY DUCT -> MINOR CALYX -> RENAL PELVIS -> URETER -> BLADDER -> URETHRA
front 31 WHAT IS IMPORTANT FUNCTIONALLY ABOUT THE SPECIALIZED EPITHELIUM (TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM) IN THE BLADDER?	back 31 THEY HAVE ABILITY TO SLIDE OVER ONE ANOTHER, THUS DECREASING THE THICKNESS OF THE MUCOSAL LAYER AS THE BLADDER FILLS & STRETCHES TO ACCOMMODATE THE INCREASED URINE VOLUME.