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Biology Exam II

front 1

Protists

Diplomonads

back 1

2 nuclei, simple mitochondria

  • Giardia lamblia (Hiker's diarrhea)

front 2

Protists

Parabasalids

back 2

Simple mitochondria, no plastids

  • Trichomonas vaginalis (causes UTI's)
  • Trichonympha (termite gut symbiont)

front 3

Protists

Euglenozoa

back 3

(crystal rod in flagella)

  • Euglenoids e.g. Euglena (mixotrophic)
  • Kinetoplastids
    • Trypanosoma brucei (African sleeping sickness, tse tse flies)
    • Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease, kissing bug)

front 4

Protists

Alveolata

back 4

(have alveoli (sacs) under cell surface)

  • Dinoflagellates (some are bioluminescent)
    • Red tides, e.g. Pfiesteria piscicida
    • Coral symbionts (McD's of the seas)
  • Apicomplexans (complex of organelles at apex)
    • Plasmodium vivax (malaria, mosquitoes)
  • Ciliates (Paramecium, Stentor)

front 5

Protists

Stramenopila

back 5

(Hairy flagella)

  • Bacillariophyta = Diatoms (e.g. diatomaceous earth)
  • Crysophyta = Golden algae (carotene & xanthophyll)
  • Phaeophyta = Brown algae (e.g. giant kelp) fucoxanthin
  • Oomycota (water mold, white rust, downy mildew)
    • Saprolegnia (white fuzz on dead fish)
    • Phytophthora infestans (Irish potato famine)
    • Convergent evolution in oomycetes and fungi

front 6

Protists

Radiolarians

back 6

reinforced thread-like pseudopodia

front 7

Protists

Forams

back 7

Thread-like pseudopodia poke through pores

front 8

Protists

Cercozoa

back 8

(Thread-like pseudopodia)

  • Paulinella chromatophora
    • Sausage shaped chromatophore

front 9

Protists

Amoebozoa

back 9

  • Gymnaemoebas (free-living)
    • Amoeba
  • Entamoebas (parasitic)
  • Plasmodial Slime Molds (1 super cell, 2n)
  • Cellular Slime Molds (many cells, 1n)

front 10

Protists

Rhodophyta

back 10

Red algae

phycoerythrin absorbs shorter wavelengths of light. e.g. Nori, agar

front 11

Protists

Chlorophyta

back 11

Green algae

Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light.

e.g. Ulva, Sea lettuce, multicellular protist

front 12

Coccus

back 12

Spherical

front 13

Bacillus

back 13

Rod-shaped

front 14

Helical

back 14

Spiral-shaped

front 15

Vibrio

back 15

Comma-shaped

front 16

Gram positive

back 16

  • Simple cell walls
  • Lots of peptidoglycan
  • Stains violet

front 17

Gram negative

back 17

  • Complex cell walls
  • Less peptidoglycan
  • Stains red

front 18

Photoautotrophs

back 18

  • Energy source
    • Light
  • Carbon source
    • CO2

front 19

Chemoautotrophs

back 19

  • Energy source
    • Inorganic chemicals (H2S, NH3)
  • Carbon source
    • CO2

front 20

Photoheterotrophs

back 20

  • Energy source
    • Light
  • Carbon source
    • Organic compounds

front 21

Chemoheterotrophs

back 21

  • Energy source
    • Organic compounds
  • Carbon source
    • Organic compounds

front 22

Parasites

back 22

  • Energy source
    • Alive
  • Carbon source
    • Alive

front 23

Saprobes

back 23

  • Energy source
    • Dead
  • Carbon source
    • Dead

front 24

Aerobes

back 24

Requires O2 to live

front 25

Anaerobes

back 25

Does not require O2 to live

front 26

Facultative anaerobes

back 26

Can grow in the presence of O2 (makes ATP by cellular respiration) or in the absence of O2 (fermentation).

front 27

Exotoxin

back 27

Poisons secreted by some prokaryotes

  • Clostridium botulinum (paralysis)
  • Clostridium tetani (Muscle contraction, lockjaw)
  • Streptococcus pyogenes

front 28

Endotoxin

back 28

Poisons in the cell wall

  • Salmonella (food poisoning)

front 29

Alpha Proteobacteria

back 29

e.g. Rhizobium (nitrogen fixation: N2 to NH3)

front 30

Beta Proteobacteria

back 30

  • Nitrosomas (nitrifying bacteria: NH4+ to NO2-)
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea, #2 STD)

front 31

Gamma Proteobacteria

back 31

  • Enteric bacteria (inhabit intestines)
    • Escherichia coli (0157:H7)
    • Salmonella (endotoxin food poisoning)
    • Vibrio cholerae (cholera)
  • Legionella (Legionnaire's disease)(amoebas)
  • Yersinia pestis (Bubonic plague) (fleas)

front 32

Delta Proteobacteria

back 32

Bdellovibrio (fast predator of other bacteria)

front 33

Epsilon Proteobacteria

back 33

Heliobacter pylori (GI ulcers)

front 34

Chlamydia trachomatis

back 34

  • #1 STD
  • #1 cause of blindness worldwide
  • Survive only in host animal cells, no peptidoglycan

front 35

Spirochetes (helical)

back 35

  • Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
  • Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease, deer ticks)
    • Oak acorn mast connection

front 36

Gram + bacteria that is colonial

back 36

  • Streptomyces (source of >1/2 our antibiotics)
  • "mycetes" or "myces" endings to the names like in fungi. Colonies resemble the hyphae of fungus, hence the ending)
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis

front 37

Gram + bacteria that is solitary (also endospore-forming)

back 37

  • Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
  • Clostridium botulinum (botulism)
  • Clostridium tetani (tetanus)

front 38

Gram + bacteria that is non-spore-forming

back 38

Streptococcus and Staphylococcus

  • Streptococcus pyogenes
    • Flesh-eating exotoxin
  • Streptococcus mutans (cavities)

front 39

Gram + bacteria that lack cell walls

back 39

Mycoplasmas (walking pneumonia)

front 40

Cyanobacteria

back 40

Only prokaryotes that do oxygenic photosynthesis

  • e.g. Oscillatoria (e.g. Red Sea)

front 41

Decomposers

back 41

Break down dead organisms, waste

front 42

Methanogens

back 42

Treat sewage, produce methane gas

front 43

Symbiosis

back 43

Vitamin K production in your gut

front 44

  • Domain Archaea
    • KIngdom Archaea

back 44

  • Thermophiles
  • Halophiles
  • Methanogens

front 45

  • Domain Bacteria
    • Kingdom Bacteria

back 45

  • Proteobacteria
  • Chlamydias
  • Spirochetes
  • Gram + bacteria
  • Cyanobacteria

front 46

Chemotaxis

back 46

Change movement for pattern in response to chemicals

front 47

Positive chemotaxis

back 47

Towards nutrients or oxygen

front 48

Negative chemotaxis

back 48

Away from a toxic substance

front 49

What leads to genetic diversity in prokaryotes?

back 49

Rapid reproduction, mutation and genetic recombination.

front 50

Obligate aerobes

back 50

Need O2 for cellular respiration to survive

front 51

Obligate anaerobes

back 51

Are poisoned by O2.

front 52

An ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with each other

back 52

Symbiosis

front 53

An ecological interaction between two species in which both benefit

back 53

Mutualism

front 54

An ecological relationship in which one species benefits while the other is not harmed or helped in any significant way.

back 54

Commensalism

front 55

An ecological relationship in which a parasite eats the cell contents, tissues, or bodily fluids of its host.

back 55

Parasitism

front 56

Parasites that cause disease

back 56

Pathogens

front 57

In the United States the most wide-spread pest carried disease is...

back 57

Lyme disease.

front 58

A relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism (the host).

back 58

Endosymbiosis