front 1 Who did E.B. Titchener profess to be a follower of? | back 1 Wilhelm Wundt |
front 2 What was Titchener's approach to psychology? | back 2 Structuralism |
front 3 How did Titchener believe the mind organized mental elements which contrasted with British Empiricists? | back 3 Voluntarily |
front 4 According to Titchener, psychology's fundamental task was what? | back 4 To discover the nature of the elementary conscious experiences. To analyze consciousness into its component parts and thus determine its structure (structuralism). |
front 5 Structuralism | back 5 early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind |
front 6 Where did Titchener spend his most productive years? | back 6 Cornell University |
front 7 Although Titchener was English he was often mistaken as what? | back 7 German |
front 8 What 6 languages did Titchener speak? | back 8 Latin, Greek, German, French, Italian, Dutch. |
front 9 Where did Titchener study philosophy and the classics? | back 9 Oxford |
front 10 Where did Titchener earn his doctorate? | back 10 Leipzig (1892) |
front 11 Why did Titchener not stay at Oxford after earning his doctorate? | back 11 Because colleagues were skeptical of a scientific approach to philosophy. |
front 12 What did Titchener refer to as the only scientific psychology worthy of the name? | back 12 Structuralism |
front 13 What stimulated the growth of lab work in psychology in the United States and influenced a whole generation of experimental psychologists? | back 13 Titchener's "Manuals". His four-volume Experimental Psychology: A Manual of Laboratory Practice (1901-1905). |
front 14 How did Titchener add the word "empathy" to the English language? | back 14 By translating the German word for sympathy as empathy from a paper written by a German psychologist. |
front 15 In 1904, Titchener formed a group of psychologists from Cornell, Yale, Clark, Michigan and Princeton. What was the group called? | back 15 Titchener Experimentalists |
front 16 Who did the Titchener Experimentalists disallow in their group? | back 16 Women, They were too pure to smoke and smoking was encouraged. |
front 17 Women from what college tried to attend the Titchener Experimentalist meetings? | back 17 Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania |
front 18 Lucy May Boring | back 18 Married to E.G. Boring. PhD from Cornell. Worked on husband's projects quietly after marriage. |
front 19 Who strongly protested Titchener's exclusion of women from his meetings? | back 19 Christine Ladd-Franklin |
front 20 Who supported women's advancement in psychology and accepted them into graduate programs? | back 20 Titchener |
front 21 What number of Titchener's awarded 56 doctorates were awarded to women? | back 21 More than 1/3. |
front 22 Who was the first woman to earn a doctoral degree in psychology? | back 22 Margaret Floy Washburn |
front 23 Who was Titchener's first doctoral student? | back 23 Margaret Floy Washburn |
front 24 Margaret Floy Washburn | back 24 First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921) |
front 25 Society of Experimental Psychologists | back 25 2 years after Titchener's death, the Titchener's Experimentalists were reborn and named this. Allowed women. |
front 26 According to Titchener, what is the proper subject matter for psychology? How does it differ from the subject matter of other sciences? | back 26 Conscious experience as that experience is dependent on the person who is actually experiencing it. Other sciences are independent of the experiencing persons. |
front 27 stimulus error | back 27 Confusing the mental process under study with the stimulus or object being observed |
front 28 Who warned against stimulus error? | back 28 Titchener |
front 29 How did Titchener expect the objects of our observations to be described? | back 29 In terms of the elementary conscious content of the experience. |
front 30 What happens when observers focus on a stimulus object instead of on the conscious content of the object? | back 30 They fail to distinguish what they have learned in the past about the object (for example, it's called an apple) from their own direct and immediate experience. |
front 31 How did Titchener define consciousness? | back 31 The sum of our experiences as they exist at a given time. |
front 32 Titchener described the mind as a sum of what? | back 32 An individual's experiences accumulated over a lifetime. |
front 33 Although similar, what did Titchener describe as the difference between the mind and consciousness? | back 33 Consciousness involves mental processes occurring at the moment, whereas mind involves the total of these processes. |
front 34 What did Titchener consider psychology's only legitimate purpose? | back 34 To discover the facts of the structure of the mind. Had no practical purpose. |
front 35 What did Titchener's form of introspection, or self-observation rely on? | back 35 Observers who were rigorously trained to describe the elements of their conscious state rather than reporting the stimulus by its familiar name. |
front 36 Whose label, systematic experimental introspection did Titchener adopt to describe his method? | back 36 Kulpe |
front 37 What did Titchener use during the act of introspecting? | back 37 Subjects detailed, qualitative, subjective reports of mental activities during the act. |
front 38 How did Titchener differ from Wundt? | back 38 Titchener was interested in the analysis of complex conscious experience into its component parts, not in the synthesis of the elements through apperception. Titchener emphasized the parts, Wundt the whole. |
front 39 Titchener's goal was to discover what? | back 39 The so-called atoms of the mind. |
front 40 One historian suggests that Titchener's approach to introspection was formed before he went to Leipzig and was influenced by the writings of who? | back 40 James Mill |
front 41 What did Titchener describe his subjects as, which is in line with chemistry and the mechanistic spirit? | back 41 Reagents |
front 42 A reagent is what? | back 42 Essentially passive, and agent used to elicit or prompt responses from some other substance. |
front 43 What did Titchener consider the three essential problems for psychology? | back 43 1. Reduce conscious processes to their simplest components. 2. Determine laws by which these elements of consciousness were associated. 3. Connect the elements with their physiological conditions. |
front 44 Titchener's three elementary states of consciousness | back 44 sensations images affective states |
front 45 Sensations | back 45 basic elements of perception and occur in the sounds, sights, smells, and other experiences evoked by physical objects in our environment |
front 46 Images | back 46 Elements of ideas found in the process that reflects experiences that are not actually present at the moment, such as a memory of a past experience. |
front 47 Affective States or affections | back 47 Elements of emotion and are found in experiences such as love, hate and sadness. |
front 48 How many elements of sensation did Titchener uncover through his research? | back 48 44,500 individual sensation qualities: 32,820 visual sensations and 11,600 auditory sensations. Each element was believed to be conscious and distinct from all others, and each could be combined with others to form perceptions and ideas. |
front 49 What did Titchener believe to be the four attributes of mental elements that allow us to distinguish between them? | back 49 Quality Intensity Duration Clearness |
front 50 quality of sensation | back 50 Characteristic "Cold" or "Red" that clearly distinguishes each element from every other element. |
front 51 intensity of sensation | back 51 Sensations strength, weakness, loudness or brightness. |
front 52 Duration of sensation | back 52 The course of a sensation over time. |
front 53 Clearness of sensation | back 53 The role of attention in conscious experience; experience that is the focus of our attention is clearer than experience toward which our attention is not directed. |
front 54 Affective states only have three of the four attributes. What three? | back 54 Quality, intensity and duration. |
front 55 Why does affective states lack clearness as an element? | back 55 Titchener believed in was impossible to focus our attention directly on an element of feeling or emotion. When we try to do so the affective quality, such as the anger or sadness, disappears. |
front 56 Some sensory processes, particularly involving vision or touch, possess a 5th attribute. This is what? | back 56 Extensity |
front 57 Extensity | back 57 the extent to which a sensation fills or occupies space |
front 58 Titchener, rejecting Wundt's tridimensional theory, suggested that affections had only one dimension. What was it? | back 58 Pleasure/displeasure |
front 59 What 2 dimensions of Wundt did Titchener reject? | back 59 tension/relaxation and excitement/depression |
front 60 In the 1920's Titchener began to question the term structural psychology. He took to calling his approach what? | back 60 Existential psychology |
front 61 When Titchener began to question introspection, he began to favor which method? | back 61 Phenomenological approach |
front 62 phenomenological approach | back 62 Examining experience just act it occurs without trying to break it down into elements. |
front 63 When did the era of structuralism collapse? | back 63 When Titchener died |
front 64 What did Kant say about introspection? | back 64 That any attempt at introspection necessarily altered the conscious experience being studied because it introduced an observing variable into the content of the conscious experience. |
front 65 What did Comte say about introspection? | back 65 If the mind were capable of observing its own activities it would have to divide itself into two parts-one doing the observing and the other being observed. |
front 66 What were the two attacks on Titchener's version of introspection? | back 66 Definition of introspective method. Question of what precisely the structuralist introspects were trained to do. |
front 67 What did critics of the structuralists have to say about attempting to analyze conscious processes into elements? | back 67 That the whole of an experience cannot be recaptured by any later association or combination of elementary parts. Experience does not come to us in individual sensations, images or affective states but rather in unified wholes. |
front 68 What school of psychology revolted against structuralism? | back 68 Gestalt |
front 69 What is the broad definition of introspection? | back 69 Giving verbal report based on experience. |
front 70 In what areas of psychology is introspection vial verbal reports still used? | back 70 Psychophysics (Tones), People exposed to unusual environments (weightlessness in space), Clinical reports from patients, responses on personality tests and attitude scales.Industrial/organizational psychologists. Cognitive psychologists. |
front 71 Contributions of Structuralism | back 71 Research Methods: Based on observation, experimentation, and measurement. Highest traditions of science. More scientific approach to the method of introspection. The catalyst for other schools of thought: Served as a point of criticism. Scientific advances need something to oppose |