front 1 T/F: Nervous control of blood flow is primarily autonomic control and is mostly parasympathetic, which controls circulation (vasoconstriction primarily) | back 1 False |
front 2 What does the parasympathetic do to the heart? | back 2 decrease HR and slight decrease in contractility |
front 3 Sympathetic innervate all vessels except: | back 3 Capillaries, precapillary sphincters, and some metarterioles |
front 4 T/F: Innervation of small arteries and arterioles allow sympathetic nerves to increase vascular compliance | back 4 False |
front 5 T/F: Large veins and the heart are sympathetically innervated | back 5 True |
front 6 Neurons from this area excite preganglionic vasoconstricot neurons in the SNS; CNS ischemic response | back 6 Vasoconstrictor area |
front 7 Neurons from this area project upward and inhibit the vasoconstrictor area | back 7 Vasodilator area |
front 8 Which area receives signals from the circulatory system and output signals control vasodilator and vasoconstrictor areas? | back 8 Sensory area |
front 9 T/F: Heart control has sympathetic control via the cardioinhibitory area and parasympathetic control via the vasoconstrictor area | back 9 False |
front 10 T/F: Higher nervous system control can excite or inhibit the vasomotor area | back 10 True |
front 11 How does the baroreceptor reflex work? | back 11 Senses changes in BP and sends signal to CNS which initiates appropriate response to maintain nearly constant BP |
front 12 Baroreceptors maintain MAP within ___-____ mm Hg | back 12 85-100 mm Hg |
front 13 T/F: Baroreceptor reflex maintains moment to moment control of BP and is not related to tissue needs, similar to autoregulation. | back 13 False |
front 14 Where are the nerve endings of baroreceptors located? | back 14 Arterial wall, in aortic arch and carotid sinus |
front 15 Which bundle of baroreceptor nerve endings are more important for BP regulation because they are more sensitive? | back 15 Carotid sinus receptor |
front 16 T/F: Baroreceptor activation inhibits the vasomotor center | back 16 True |
front 17 What is the effect of inhibiting the vasomotor center? | back 17 Brain reduces sympathetic outflow in order to bring BP down |
front 18 What does it mean for baroreceptors to reset? | back 18 If BP goes up and stays up, baroreceptors will establish a new baseline and maintain this higher average BP |
front 19 Describe the pathway of baroreceptor activation due to high BP | back 19
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front 20 Describe the pathway of baroreceptor activation due to low BP | back 20
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front 21 What is the chemoreceptor reflex? | back 21 Sensing O2 lac, CO2 excess, or H+ ion excess and stimulate vasomotor center |
front 22 T/F: Cerebral ischemia or impaired lung function can activate the baroreceptor reflex mechanism | back 22 False |
front 23 Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located? | back 23 Carotid and aortic bodies |
front 24 Where are central chemoreceptors located? | back 24 Medullary neurons |
front 25 T/F: Chemoreceptor drive is significantly increased in HTN | back 25 True |
front 26 Chemoreceptors are not stimulated until P falls below _____ mm Hg | back 26 80 mm Hg |
front 27 T/F: Chemoreceptor activation increases sympathetic activity | back 27 True |
front 28 What is the CNS ischemic response? | back 28 Reduced cerebral BF causes CO2 buildup which stimulates vasomotor center, thereby increasing atrial P |
front 29 T/F: CNS ischemic response is one of the most powerful activators of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor system | back 29 True |
front 30 CNS ischemic response is activated when P falls below ______, with greatest activation at ____-_____ mm Hg | back 30 60; 15-20 mm Hg |
front 31 What does α1 innervate? | back 31
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front 32 What does α2 innervate? | back 32
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front 33 What does β1 innervate? | back 33
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front 34 What does β2 innervate? | back 34
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front 35 When is epinephrine or norepinephrine released? | back 35 During fight/flight response |
front 36 How do α1 receptors respond to E or NE? | back 36 Primary vasoconstriction of blood vessels |
front 37 How do α2 receptors respond to E or NE? | back 37
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front 38 How do β1 receptors respond to E or NE? | back 38
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front 39 How do β2 receptors respond to E or NE? | back 39 Smooth muscle relaxation causing vasodilation and bronchodilation |
front 40 T/F: β2 activation increases Ca2+ resulting in vasoconstriction | back 40 False |
front 41 T/F: Both the SA node and the AV node contain β2 receptors | back 41 False |
front 42 Increased rate of SA and AV node firing = positive ___________ effect | back 42 Chronotropic |
front 43 Which adrenergic receptor protects the heart from free-radical mediated damage by compensating for lost β1 contractility? | back 43 α1 |
front 44 List vasoconstricting agents | back 44
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front 45 List vasodilator agents | back 45
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front 46 Describe the mechanism of bradykinin-mediated vasodilation (via β2) | back 46 β2 on endothelial cells --> PLC --> IP3 --> ↑Ca --> ↑NO -->cGMP/PKG in SMC -->↑MLCP --> Relaxation Alternatively: ↑Ca --> PLA -cox-> PGI2 --> IP receptor on vascular SMC --> cAMP/PKA --> ↓MLCK --> Relaxation |
front 47 Increased P causing excretion of water is known as: | back 47 P diuresis |
front 48 Increased P causing excretion of salt is known as: | back 48 P natriuresis |
front 49 T/F: RAAS ↑ water and sodium retention and ↓ vasoconstriction | back 49 False |
front 50 Ang II binds to ________ receptors on vascular SMCs, causing vasoconstriction | back 50 AT 1 (Gq) |
front 51 How does Ang II affect NE release and reuptake? | back 51 Increases release, decreases reuptake |
front 52 What are the main functions of vasopressin? | back 52
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front 53 What are the main functions of Aldosterone? | back 53
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