Print Hasan Zoom Session, some In class Questions flashcards

Hasan Zoom Session, some In class Questions

front 1 T/F: While Arterial system serves as the pressure reservoir, venous system serves as the blood volume reservoir	back 1 True
front 2 All of the following are true about arterioles EXCEPT: Control blood flow into tissues Major contributor of peripheral vascular resistance Primary site of action for many anti-hypertensive drugs Primary site for nutrient and gas exchange	back 2 Primary site for nutrient and gas exchange
front 3 Which of the following are true about aorta? Transports blood to the tissues Shows strong vasoconstriction and vasodilation Primary site of action for many anti-hypertensive drugs Has high mean arterial pressure	back 3 Transports blood to the tissues Has high mean arterial pressure
front 4 Which of the following are true about venous system? Low pressure system Serves as blood volume reservoir Primary contributor of peripheral vascular resistance Small pressure increase causes large volume increase	back 4 Low pressure system Serves as blood volume reservoir Primary contributor of peripheral vascular resistance Small pressure increase causes large volume increase

front 5 Which of the following cell-type is organized circularly around the lumen of blood vessels? Endothelial cells Smooth muscle cells	back 5 Smooth muscle cells
front 6 Which of the following cell-type is organized longitudinally along the lumen of blood vessels? Endothelial cells Smooth muscle cells	back 6 Endothelial cells
front 7 T/F: EDHF-type vasodilation is commonly seen in aorta and large arteries	back 7 happens in small arterioles... didn't catch the end of what he was saying, watch recording
front 8 Which of the following is incorrectly paired? Vasa vasorum: arterioles Smooth muscle cells: multi layers in tunica media Endothelial cells: mono layer in tunica intima Valves: veins	back 8 Vasa vasorum: arterioles found in larger vessels ( like vena cava and aorta) to help nourish their external layer

front 9 T/F: Veins contain external elastic lamina	back 9 False, arteries contain the external elastic membrane
front 10 T/F: Tunica media has nerve fibers that regulate blood vessel diameter	back 10 True
front 11 Which of the following is NOT true about myoendothelial junction? Electrically connect endothelial and smooth muscle cells Allows for exchange of intracellular messengers and ions May account for EDHF-type vasodilation Present in aorta and large arteries	back 11 Present in aorta and large arteries, incorrect because they are found in small, resistance-size arteries and arterioles
front 12 Which of the following is NOT true about vascular smooth muscle contraction? Na+ influx stimulates depolarization, leading to vasoconstriction Cl- efflux stimulates depolarization, leading to vasoconstriction K+ efflux inhibits depolarization, leading to vasodilation Cl- efflux inhibits depolarization, leading to vasodilation	back 12 Cl- efflux inhibits depolarization, leading to vasodilation >> incorrect because stimulates depolarization which causes contraction

front 13 All of the following are true about vascular smooth muscle contraction except: Ca2+ influx and rise of intracellular Ca2+ activates MLCK Activation of MLCK stimulates vasoconstriction Inhibition of MLCK promotes vasodilation Activation of MLCP stimulates vasodilation Inhibition of MLCP promotes vasodilation	back 13 Inhibition of MLCP promotes vasodilation>> causes vasoconstriction
front 14 T/F: Opening of arterial smooth muscle cell Cl - ion channels and Cl - efflux stimulates vasodilation	back 14 False; depolarization which causes vasoconstriction
front 15 Which of the following are true about capillaries and venules? Capillaries contain single layer of endothelial and smooth muscle cells Capillaries allow nutrient and gas exchange Capillaries lead to venules Venules merge to form veins	back 15 Capillaries allow nutrient and gas exchange Capillaries lead to venules Venules merge to form veins
front 16 Which of the following is not correctly paired? Continuous capillaries: most common, tight intercellular junctions Continuous capillaries: complete basement membrane Fenestrated capillaries: porous, tight intercellular junctions Sinusoid capillaries: least common, large intercellular gaps Sinusoid capillaries: complete basement membrane	back 16 Sinusoid capillaries: complete basement membrane>> incomplete basement membranes

front 17 All of the following are features of microcirculation except: Diffusion is the primary driving force Concentration gradient enhances diffusion O2 and CO2 diffuse through capillary membrane Glucose diffuses through capillary membrane	back 17 Glucose diffuses through capillary membrane
front 18 T/F: Sinusoid capillary is the least common capillary, with incomplete basement membrane	back 18 True
front 19 T/F: Mean capillary pressure is 17 mmHg	back 19 true; low pressure allows for the transfer of material to tissue from arteries and removal of waste from tissues into venules
front 20 T/F: Pumping of blood from right ventricle into pulmonary circulation causes a drop in right atrial pressure, which enhances venous return	back 20 true

front 21 During inhalation which of the following enhances venous return? Lowering of diaphragm causes a drop in pressure in the chest, which lowers right atrial pressure, resulting in an increase in venous return Lowering of diaphragm increases pressure in the abdomen, which enhances venous pressure, resulting in an increase in venous return	back 21 BOTH
front 22 T/F: Sympathetic nerve activity causes moderate contraction of endothelial cells	back 22 False; they don't contract
front 23 All of the following are true about blood vessel structure and function except: Veins are more distensible than arteries Compliance is a feature of aorta and large arteries Resistance is a feature of small arteries and arterioles Damping of pressure pulses = compliance x distensibility	back 23 Damping of pressure pulses = compliance x distensibility; damping = compliance x resistance
front 24 All of the following are true about blood flow except: Flow increases as the radius of the vessel increases Flow increases as the length of the vessel increases Flow decreases as the length of the vessel increases Flow decreases as the viscosity of the blood increases	back 24 Flow increases as the length of the vessel increases; flow is directly proportional to radius and pressure BUT inversely related to length and viscosity

front 25 T/F: Individuals with polycythemia have higher blood viscosity, that may lead to slower flow	back 25 True
front 26 T/F: Individuals with anemia have lower blood viscosity, that may lead to slower flow	back 26 false
front 27 Which one of the following statements about the vasodilator theory of autoregulation of tissue blood flow is correct? Increased oxygen in the blood decreases contraction of pre-capillary sphincters Increased oxygen in tissue causes the tissue to release vasodilators Decreased oxygen in tissue causes vasoconstriction Decreased oxygen in tissue causes the release of vasodilators	back 27 Decreased oxygen in tissue causes the release of vasodilators
front 28 Arteriolar resistance during intense exercise is decreased by which of the following mechanisms? Vasodilator theory Oxygen lack theory Myogenic theory Angiogenesis	back 28 Vasodilator theory Oxygen lack theory

front 29 Which one of the following statements about the myogenic theory of autoregulation of tissue blood flow is correct? Select all that apply Myogenic response is intrinsic to small diameter arteries and arterioles Intraluminal pressure controls activity of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to regulate vessel diameter Myogenic response is mediated by smooth muscle cells Endothelial cells sense high intraluminal pressure and contract to reduce arterial diameter	back 29 Myogenic response is intrinsic to small diameter arteries and arterioles Intraluminal pressure controls activity of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to regulate vessel diameter Myogenic response is mediated by smooth muscle cells Endothelial cells sense high intraluminal pressure and contract to reduce arterial diameter endothelial cells do not contracttttt
front 30 All of the following mediates endothelium-dependent vasodilation except: NO PGI₂ SKCa and IK_Ca K+ channels TXA₂	back 30 TXA₂ (Thromboxane) is a constrictor
front 31 All of the following mediates endothelium-dependent vasoconstriction except: Endothelin 1 TXA₂ PGI₂ Superoxide	back 31 PGI₂is a dilator
front 32 All of the following are true about the long-term control of blood flow except Alters vessel number and size Creates alternate flow pathways May cause long-term reduction in vascular pressure Unable to meet long-term metabolic needs of the tissues	back 32 Unable to meet long-term metabolic needs of the tissues

front 33 What are the pathophysiological consequences of RAAS activation? Enhances SNS Activation Cardiovascular remodeling Enhanced salt and water retention Enhanced Chemoreceptor Activation	back 33 Enhances SNS Activation Cardiovascular remodeling Enhanced salt and water retention
front 34	back 34 B, C, D
front 35 An isolated coronary artery has a baseline diameter of 200 μm at 10 mmHg. When pressurized to 40 mmHg, the diameter increased to 240 μm. However, increasing the pressure to 80 mmHg reduced the diameter to 170 μm. At 80mmHg, application of 1 μM acetylcholine constricted the artery from 170 μm to 140 μm. However, at 80mmHg, application of 1 μM sodium nitroprusside (a NO donor) dilated the artery from 170 μm to 210 μm. A. Increasing intraluminal pressure to 80 mmHg stimulated sympathetic nerve activity leading to vasoconstriction. Acetylcholine enhanced endothelin-1 (ET-1) production from endothelial cells and subsequent ET-1 action on smooth muscle cells caused further constriction of the artery to 140μm. B. Increasing intraluminal pressure to 80 mmHg caused endothelial injury and ET-1 production, leading to vasoconstriction at 80 mmHg. Acetylcholine application further enhanced endothelin-1 (ET-1) production and smooth muscle contraction, leading to further constriction of the artery to 140μm. C. Increasing pressure to 80 mmHg stimulates Ca2+ influx into the smooth muscle cells leading to vasoconstriction. Acetylcholine action on smooth muscle cell muscarinic M3 receptor (Gq11- coupled) elicited smooth muscle cell contraction, leading to further constriction of the artery to 140 μm. D. Pressurization to 80 mmHg stimulates myogenic vasoconstriction. Acetylcholine-mediated vasoconstriction reflects endothelial dysfunction in which M3 receptors on endothelial cells are unable to produce NO and vasodilation. In the absence of NO, acetylcholine binding to smooth muscle cell M3 receptor stimulated vasoconstriction.	back 35 C. Increasing pressure to 80 mmHg stimulates Ca2+ influx into the smooth muscle cells leading to vasoconstriction. Acetylcholine action on smooth muscle cell muscarinic M3 receptor (Gq11- coupled) elicited smooth muscle cell contraction, leading to further constriction of the artery to 140 μm. D. Pressurization to 80 mmHg stimulates myogenic vasoconstriction. Acetylcholine-mediated vasoconstriction reflects endothelial dysfunction in which M3 receptors on endothelial cells are unable to produce NO and vasodilation. In the absence of NO, acetylcholine binding to smooth muscle cell M3 receptor stimulated vasoconstriction.
front 36 Which of the following is incorrect about sympathetic innervation to heart and vasculatures?: A.Sympathetic innervation causes constriction of arterioles B.Capillaries and venules lack sympathetic innervations C.Heart lacks sympathetic innervations D.Precapillary sphincters and some metarterioles lack sympathetic innervation	back 36 Heart lacks sympathetic innervations

front 37 Q. Which of the following effects is consistent with the action of parasympathetic nervous system? A.Increased vasoconstriction B.Increased heart rate C.Increased pulmonary pressure D.Decreased heart rate E.Increased venous return	back 37 Decreased heart rate
front 38 Q. Which of the following is/are true about the vasomotor system? A.Neurons of vasoconstrictor area excite preganglionic vasoconstrictor neurons B.Neurons of vasoconstrictor area enhance sympathetic outflow to the periphery C.Neurons of vasodilator area project upward to the vasoconstrictor area D.Sympathetic control of heart occurs through the vasoconstrictor area E.Sensory area receives signals from the circulatory system in the periphery F.All of the above	back 38 all
front 39 Q. Which of the following is/are true about the baroreceptor reflex? A.Maintains rapid moment-to-moment control of blood pressure B.Baroreceptors are activated by pressure increases C.Increased baroreceptor stimulation inhibits the vasomotor center D.Carotid baroreceptors are more important for blood pressure regulation E.Baroreceptors slow the development of hypertension	back 39 A. Maintains rapid moment-to-moment control of blood pressure B.Baroreceptors are activated by pressure increases C.Increased baroreceptor stimulation inhibits the vasomotor center D.Carotid baroreceptors are more important for blood pressure regulation
front 40 Q. All of the following is true about baroreceptor reflex in hypotension except: A.Baroreceptors are inhibited B.Fewer baroreceptor impulses in the CNS stimulate the vasomotor center C.Increased baroreceptor impulses in the CNS inhibits the vasomotor center D.Enhances sympathetic outflow of the periphery E.Increased cardiac output and vascular resistance bring BP back to normal	back 40 Increased baroreceptor impulses in the CNS inhibits the vasomotor center

front 41 Q. All of the following is true about the chemoreceptor reflex except: A.Chemoreceptors sense O2 lack, CO2 excess and pH drop B.Poor cerebral perfusion and impaired lung function stimulate chemoreceptor reflex C.There is a chemoreceptor overdrive in hypertension D. Activation of chemoreceptor reflex inhibits the vasomotor center	back 41 Activation of chemoreceptor reflex inhibits the vasomotor center
front 42 Q. Which of the following is NOT true about the CNS ischemic response? A.Reduced cerebral blood flow activates the CNS ischemic response B.CNS ischemic response produces strong vasoconstriction in the periphery C.Causes profound suppression of the vasomotor center D. Gets activated when the blood pressure falls below 60mmHg	back 42 Causes profound suppression of the vasomotor center
front 43 Q. What explains how Gq11-coupled receptors for vasoconstrictors work in vascular smooth muscle? Select all that apply. A.Produces IP3 and mobilizes Ca2+ from intracellular stores B.Stimulates MLCK C.Stimulates cAMP production and PKA, which activates MLCK D. Inhibits MLCP via stimulating Rho kinase	back 43 A.Produces IP3 and mobilizes Ca2+ from intracellular stores B.Stimulates MLCK
front 44 Q. What explains how Gi-coupled α2 receptor causes vascular smooth muscle contraction? A.Stimulates cAMP production and PKA B.Inhibits cAMP production and PKA C.Inhibits MLCP via Rho kinase D.Stimulates MLCP via cGMP and PKG	back 44 B.Inhibits cAMP production and PKA

front 45 Q. What explains how Gs-coupled β2 receptors relax vascular smooth muscle? Select all that apply. A.Stimulate cAMP production and PKA B.PKA inactivates MLCK C.Inhibit MLCP via Rho kinase D.Stimulate MLCP via cGMP and PKG	back 45 A.Stimulate cAMP production and PKA B.PKA inactivates MLCK
front 46 Q. What explains how stimulation of bradykinin B2 receptors causes vasodilation? Select all that apply. A.Stimulates IP3 production and intracellular Ca2+release B.Stimulates PLA2 via enhancing [Ca2+]i C.Stimulates NO production D.Stimulates PGI2 production	back 46 all
front 47 Q. Select the best answer as it related to baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflex. A.Chemoreceptors are stimulated when they sense an increase of O2 while baroreceptors are stimulated by a decrease in arterial pressure B.Chemoreceptors are stimulated by an increase in O2 while baroreceptors respond to a decrease in CO2 C.Both baroreceptors and chemoreceptors are activated by an increase in arterial pressure D.Baroreceptors respond to an increase in arterial pressure while chemoreceptors respond to a lack of O2	back 47 Baroreceptors respond to an increase in arterial pressure while chemoreceptors respond to a lack of O2
front 48 Q. Endothelin 1 and NO have direct effect on: A.Heart rate B.Stroke volume C.Peripheral resistance D.Cardiac output	back 48 C.Peripheral resistance

front 49 Q. All of the following is true about adrenergic receptor function except: A.α1 - vasoconstriction of blood vessels B.α2 - inhibition of NE release C.β1 - renin release D.β2 - cardiac stimulation	back 49 D.β2 - cardiac stimulation
front 50 Q. Select the correct sequence of signaling events in vascular smooth muscle cells that lead to vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Select all that apply. A.Ang II → AT1 → Gs → PKA →↑MLCK → Vasoconstriction B.PGF2α → Gq12/13 → Rho Kinase → ↑MLCP → Vasodilation C.NO → cGMP → PKG → ↑MLCP → Vasodilation D.Epi → β2 → Gs → PKA → ↓MLCK → Vasodilation	back 50 C.NO → cGMP → PKG → ↑MLCP → Vasodilation D.Epi → β2 → Gs → PKA → ↓MLCK → Vasodilation
front 51 Q. What explains the mechanism of action of aldosterone to elevate blood pressure? A.By enhancing renal sodium and water retention B.By promoting systemic vasodilation C.By decreasing blood volume D.All of the above	back 51 A.By enhancing renal sodium and water retention
front 52 Q. Which of the following components are affected by RAAS activation? Select all that apply. A.Stroke volume B.Peripheral resistance C.Cardiac output D.Mean arterial pressure	back 52 ALL

front 53

Q. Select the best statement(s) as it relates to the development of hypertension

A.Endothelial NO production is increased

B.Endothelial ET-1 production is increased

C.SNS activity is increased

D.Chemoreceptor drive is increased

back 53

B.Endothelial ET-1 production is increased

C.SNS activity is increased

D.Chemoreceptor drive is increased

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Hasan Zoom Session, some In class Questions