front 1 Invertebrates | back 1 Animals without a backbone. About 95% of known animal species. |
front 2 Calcarea and Silicea | back 2 phylum that includes sponges; no symmetry, tissues, body cavity, organs, nervous system; basal animals; mostly marine; contain spicules; most are hermaphrodites; free-swimming during larval stage and sessile (non motile) as adults; suspension/filter feeders |
front 3 Suspention feeders | back 3 small and large organisms that use filtering and trapping techniques to collect minute food particles suspended in the water |
front 4 Spongocoel | back 4 large central cavity of the sponge |
front 5 Osculum | back 5 A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled |
front 6 Choanocytes | back 6 specialized cell in sponges that uses a flagellum to move a steady current of water through the sponge |
front 7 mesohyl | back 7 a gelatinous region between the two layers of cells of a sponge |
front 8 amoebocytes | back 8 the "do-all" cells of sponges, moving by means of pseudopodia, they digest and distribute food, transport oxygen, and disposes of waste. they manufacture the fibers that make up a sponges skeleton |
front 9 Eumetazoa | back 9 Members of the subkingdom that includes all animals except sponges. (true tissues) |
front 10 Cnidaria | back 10 animal phylum characterized by having diploblastic tentacled polyp and/or medusa (jelly) body forms with radial symmetry; tentacles bear cells called cnidocytes that have weapons called cnidae (e.g., stinging barbs called nematocysts). Gastrovascular cavity with a single opening. - corals, jellies and hydras |
front 11 gastrovascular cavity | back 11 digestive chamber with a single opening, in which cnidarians, flatworms, and echinoderms digest food |
front 12 Polyps | back 12 The sessile variant of the cnidarian body plan. The alternate form is the medusa. Cylindrical forms that adhere to the substrate by the aboral end of their body, waiting for the prey. - hydras |
front 13 Medusa | back 13 The floating, flattened, mouth-down version of the cnidarian body plan. The alternate form is the polyp. |
front 14 Cnidocytes | back 14 a specialized cell for which the phylum Cnidaria is named; consists of a capsule containing a fine coiled thread, which, when discharged, functions in defense and prey capture |
front 15 Nematocytsts | back 15 a type of cnidocyte that has a long filament coiled up inside it and can penetrate the prey. |
front 16 4 major classes of phylum Cnidaria | back 16 Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa |
front 17 Hydrozoans | back 17 A class of Cnidaria where most of the organisms alternate between polyp and medusa except hydras, which are only polyp. They can reproduce both asexually and sexually. |
front 18 Scyphozoans | back 18 Group of cnidarians,all marine, polyp stage is greatly reduced, free swimming medusae is up to 2 m in diameter. (Jellies,sea nettles) |
front 19 Cubozoans | back 19 Class of Cnidaria with a box-shaped medusa stage and complex eyes. Often equipped with toxic cnidocytes. |
front 20 Anthozoans | back 20 class of cnidarian; sea anemones and corals occurring only as polyps. Corals excrete an exoskeleton of calcium carbonate, form symbioses with algae. |
front 21 Lophotrochozoans | back 21 Member of a group of animal phyla identified as a clade by molecular evidence. Lophotrochozoans include organisms that have lophophores or trochophore larvae. Includes about 18 phyla - introduced 6 are flatworms, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs and annelids. |
front 22 Bilateria | back 22 A member of a major lineage of animals (Bilateria) that are bilaterally symmetrical at some point in their life cycle, have three embryonic germ layers, and have digestive tract with two opening and a coelom. All protostomes and deuterostomes are bilaterians. |
front 23 Upgrade to remove ads | back 23 3 major clades of Bilateria |
front 24 lophophore | back 24 In some lophotrochozoan animals, including brachiopods, a crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and function in feeding. |
front 25 trochophore larva | back 25 Distinctive larval stage observed in some lophotrochozoan animals, including some annelids and molluscs. |
front 26 Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) | back 26 Distinct organ systems, Bilateral Symmetry, Acoelomate, Three tissue levels, Cephalization, Gastrovascular cavity—only one opening-acts as the mouth and the anus, Tubular mouth (pharynx) at mid-body, Primitive nerve cords, Protonephridia work similar to kidneys, Sexual (some are hermaphroditic) and some Asexual Reproduction (body split), Most members are parasitic (tapeworms, liver flukes), Some are free living (Planaria), Protostomes |
front 27 protonephridia | back 27 networks of tubules with ciliated structures called flame bulbs that pull fluid through branched ducts opening to the outside. Regulates the osmotic balance. |
front 28 Planarians | back 28 live in freshwater. Most are predators. They digest food in a gut. They find food using their sensory lobes. They have light-sensitive eyespots and centralized nerve nets. Have a well-developed nervous system. Are hermaphrodites and can reproduce sexually or asexually through fission. |
front 29 Parasitic species | back 29 Reproductive organs occupy nearly the entire interior. 2 important groups - Trematodes and Tapeworms. |
front 30 Trematodes | back 30 Parasites (such as blood flukes) have complex, alternating life cycles. Usually they have to infect a preliminary host where larvae grow before infecting the final host. Human parasites spend part of their lives in snail hosts. |
front 31 Tapeworms | back 31 Parasites that infect vertebrates including humans. Most have a hook called a scolex that helps them stick to the intestines of the host. They have sacs of eggs called proglottids that lay eggs into feces, which can contaminate meat. |
front 32 Rotifera | back 32 Tiny filter feeders. Pseudocoelomates with complex, complete digestive systems. |
front 33 alimentary canal | back 33 digestive tube with two openings in rotifers |
front 34 parthenogenesis | back 34 Asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. |
front 35 Ectoprocta | back 35 lophotrochozoan; sessile colonies, covered by tough exoskeleton - sea mat. Colonial animals, important reef builders. Common name "moss animals" |
front 36 exoskeleton | back 36 the exterior protective or supporting structure or shell of many animals (especially invertebrates) including bony or horny parts such as nails or scales or hoofs |
front 37 brachiopods | back 37 resemble clams, two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral not lateral as in clams, marine and attach to the seafloor by a stalk |
front 38 Mollusca | back 38 Motile organisms with soft bodies and hard shells. Are the first protostomes and the first coelomates (with spiral, determinate cleavage). Include gastropods, bivalves, cephalopods. E.g. octopuses, squids, snails, clams. |
front 39 muscular foot | back 39 part of a mollusks head-foot whose function is locomotion |
front 40 visceral mass | back 40 One of the three main parts of a mollusk, it contains most of the internal organs |
front 41 mantle | back 41 a protective layer of epidermis in mollusks or brachiopods that secretes a substance forming the shell |
front 42 Mantle cavity | back 42 A water-filled chamber that houses the gills, anus, and excretory pores of a mollusc. |
front 43 Radula | back 43 a straplike rasping organ used by many mollusks during feeding |
front 44 Four major classes of molluscs | back 44 Polyplacophora (chitons), Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Bivalvia (clams, oysters, Cephalopoda (squid, octopuses, cuttlefish and chambered nautiluses.)) |
front 45 Chitons | back 45 Molluscs with an oval shaped body and 8 dorsal segmented plates of shells. Their foot functions as a suction cup to rocks and also for movement, and they use their radula to eat algae. |
front 46 Gastropods | back 46 Form 3/4 of all molluscs. They had a developmental process called torsion, where the visceral mass rotates, so the anus and mantle cavity are above its head. Many have shells and distinct eyes, and travel using their feet. Some of predators and some are grazers. |
front 47 torsion | back 47 In gastropods, a developmental process in which the visceral mass rotates up to 180°, causing the animal's anus and mantle cavity to be positioned above its head. |
front 48 Bivalves | back 48 mollusks that have two shells held together by hinges and strong muscles - clams, oysters |
front 49 Cephalopods | back 49 octupuses, squids, nautiluses, and cuttlefish, ocean-dwelling mollusks whose foot is adapted to form tentacles around its mouth. Squids use their siphon to fire a jet of water, which allows them to swim very quickly. They have a closed circulatory system, well-developed sense organs and a complex brain. |
front 50 ammonites | back 50 shelled chephalopods that were the dominant invertebrae predators a long time ago |
front 51 Annelids | back 51 (segmented worms) tube shaped bodies divided into sections; are eucoelomates, a body cavity with organs inside;simplest animals with a circulatory system; have specialized organs for digestion; divided into 2 groups - polychaeta (polychaetes), oligochaeta (earthworms, leeches). |
front 52 polychaetes | back 52 A class of annelids that have parapodia, ridgelike structures that help it move. The parapodia have numerous chaetae and can also function as gills. |
front 53 oligochaetes | back 53 This class of annelids have sparse chitin bristles called chaetae, including earthworms. Earthworms till the soil and their secreted waste improves the soil texture. They are hermaphrodies that cross-fertilize. |
front 54 leeches | back 54 A class of annelids. Some are predators and some are parasites that suck blood. It secretes anesthesia and hirudin, which prevents blood clotting, to help it suck blood. |
front 55 Ecdysozoans | back 55 A major lineage of protostomes (Ecdysozoam) that grow by shedding their external skeletons (molting) and expanding their bodies. Includes arthropods, insects, crustaceans, nematodes, and centipedes. |
front 56 cuticle | back 56 hard outer covering or case of certain organisms such as arthropods and turtles |
front 57 Nematodes | back 57 roundworms found in aquatic habitats, in the soilk, moist tissues of plants, body fluids, animal tissue. They have an alimentary canal, but lack a circulatory system. Sexual reproduction by internal fertilization. |
front 58 Caenorhabditis elegans | back 58 Used as model for animal development, partly because it has mosaic development and the lineage of all adult cells are known. Nematoda |
front 59 Trichinella spiralis | back 59 parasitic nematode occurring in the intestines of pigs and rats and human beings and producing larvae that form cysts in skeletal muscles |
front 60 arthropods | back 60 The largest phylum includes invertebrates with jointed appendges, a segemented bilateral body, and in most species an exoskeleton. |
front 61 hemolymph | back 61 In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues. |
front 62 4 major lineages of arthropods | back 62 chelicerates, myriapods, hexapods, crustaceans |
front 63 chelicerates | back 63 (Chelicerata) A major group of arthropods with pointed appendages (chelicerae) used to grasp food (as opposed to the chewing mandibles of most other arthropods). Includes the arachnids, horseshoe crabs, pycnogonids, and extinct sea scorpions. |
front 64 arachnids | back 64 A member of a major arthropod group that includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites. All members have eight pairs of walking legs. |
front 65 book lungs | back 65 Organs of gas exchange in spiders, consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber. |
front 66 myriapods | back 66 A terrestrial arthropod with many body segments and one or two pairs of legs per segment. millipedes and centipedes comprise the two classes of living myriapods. centipeds are cornivores and hav 1 pair of legs per trunk segment. |
front 67 Hexapoda | back 67 "Insects and relatives. flight is one key to success of insects: can escape predators, find food, and disperse to new habitats. Many insects undergo metamorphosis. Incomplete metamorphosis: young are called nymphs, and resemble adults but are smaller and molt until reach full size. Complete metamorphosis: Many larval stages. Most insects reproduce sexually; some are pollinators; some carry diseases or are pests. " |
front 68 incomplete metamorphosis | back 68 A type of development in certain insects, such as grasshoppers, in which the young (called nymphs) resemble adults but are smaller and have different body proportions. The nymph goes through a series of molts, each time looking more like an adult, until it reaches full size. |
front 69 complete metamorphosis | back 69 A developmental process where the larva are specialized for eating and growing and look nothing like the adult. Larval stages are maggot, grub, caterpillar. They transition through a pupal stage to reach adulthood. |
front 70 crustaceans | back 70 Any of various predominantly aquatic arthropods of the class Crustacea, including lobsters, crabs, shrimps, and barnacles, characteristically having a segmented body, a chitinous exoskeleton, and paired, jointed limbs. |
front 71 isopods | back 71 A member of one of the largest groups of crustaceans, which includes terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species. Among the terrestrial isopods are the pill bugs, or wood lice. |
front 72 decapods | back 72 Group of crustaceans that includes crabs and lobsters. The cuticle is reinforced, forming a dorsal shield called the carapce. |
front 73 copepods | back 73 planktonic crustaceans, they are the most numerous of all animals |
front 74 echinoderms | back 74 A member of a group of slow moving or sessile marine animals characterized by a rough or spiny skin, a water vascular system, an endoskeleton, and a radial symmetry in adults, with examples such as sea stars, sea urchins and sand dollars |
front 75 deuterostomes | back 75 One of two distinct evolutionary lines of coelomates, consisting of the echinoderms and chordates and characterized by radial, indeterminate cleavage, enterocoelous formation of the coelom, and development of the anus from the blastopore |
front 76 water vascular system | back 76 A network of hydraulic canals unique to echinoderms that branches into extensions called tube feet, which function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange |
front 77 5 classes of living echinoderms | back 77 "Asteroidea (sea stars and sea daisies), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars), Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars), Holothuroidea (sea cucambers) " |
front 78 Asteroidea | back 78 Class of Echinodermata (starfish) carnivorous predators; slow movement; central disk with arms; secrete enzymes and digests prey |
front 79 Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) | back 79 Characteristics of this class of echinoderm include: Arms that are distinct from central disk. Uses arms for locomotion and not tube feet. Unique photo-receptive organs. Some suspension eaters, some predators or scavengers. |
front 80 Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars) | back 80 these have no arms, but five rows of tube feet that function in slow movement |
front 81 Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars) | back 81 Feathered arms surrounding upward-pointing mouth |
front 82 Holothuroidea (sea cucambers) | back 82 lack spines, reduced exosceleton |
front 83 chordata | back 83 an animal phylum in which all members have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord and pharyngeal gill slits at some embryonic stage; includes the Cephalochordata and the Vertebrates |