front 1 what is pharmacology? | back 1 study of drugs and their actions on living organisms |
front 2 what are drugs used for? | back 2
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front 3 what is the nurse responsible for when administering a medication? | back 3
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front 4 what meds can chronic lung patients not have? | back 4 beta blockers; can be detrimental |
front 5 how are OTC & prescription drugs similar? | back 5
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front 6 what are the drug categories? | back 6
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front 7 when asking a pt about their medications, what do we need to know? | back 7 ALL their meds: OTC, prescription, & any herbals routine & PRN |
front 8 what are the different names of drugs? | back 8
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front 9 the official and nonproprietary name approved by the USAN Council; there is only ONE for each drug; always lowercase | back 9 generic name |
front 10 registered name; are always capitalized; may be more than one | back 10 trade/brand name |
front 11 why is it important to get information from patients about all of their medications? | back 11 because of the risk for drug-drug interaction |
front 12 who regulates drugs? | back 12 United States Pharmacopeia (USP) |
front 13 assures that drugs have met high standards for therapeutic use, pt safety standards, quality, purity, strength, packaging safety, and dosage form by the U.S. Pharmacopeia National Formulary | back 13 United States Pharmacopeia (USP) |
front 14 the USP designation does not indicate | back 14 FDA approval |
front 15 ensures drugs are labeled correctly | back 15 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
front 16 all drug administration laws are initiated, implemented, and enforced by | back 16 FDA |
front 17 requires drug companies to study their products in children for safety and efficacy to be marketed for pediatric use | back 17 Pediatric Research Quality Act |
front 18 when pediatric studies are required, they must be conducted with | back 18 the same drug and for the same use for which they were approved in adults |
front 19 identifies and regulates the manufacture and sale of narcotics and dangerous drugs | back 19 Controlled Substance Act (1970) |
front 20 which drugs have the highest abuse potential? | back 20 I and II |
front 21 which drugs have the lowest abuse potential? | back 21 IV and V |
front 22 examples of schedule I drugs? | back 22
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front 23 examples of schedule II drugs? | back 23
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front 24 examples of schedule III drugs? | back 24
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front 25 examples of schedule IV drugs? | back 25
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front 26 examples of schedule V drugs? | back 26
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front 27 what can cocaine be used to treat? | back 27 nose bleeds |
front 28 where can we, as nurses, find reliable and up-to-date drug information? | back 28
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front 29 the study of how drugs are processed in the body (how medications travel through the body) | back 29 pharmacokinetics |
front 30 the process of pharmacokinetics begins and ends when? | back 30 from administration to elimination |
front 31 What is the process of pharmacokinetics? | back 31 ADME
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front 32 the first step in which a drug enters the body | back 32 absorption |
front 33 what are the ways to introduce and administer drugs into the body? | back 33
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front 34 enteral | back 34 oral, SL, buccal |
front 35 topical | back 35 transdermal, eye, ear, nose, rectal, vaginal |
front 36 inhalation | back 36 MDI |
front 37 parenteral | back 37 IV, IM, ID, SQ, IO, epidural |
front 38 certain medications have to be given by certain means because | back 38 of the way drugs are absorbed |
front 39 why must insulin be given SQ as opposed to PO? | back 39 if it was taken PO, by the time it would reach the small intestine, digestive enzymes from the GI tract would destroy the insulin, and it would no longer function |
front 40 what is the primary site for GI absorption of a drug? | back 40 small intestine |
front 41 what are some factors that could affect the absorption of drugs in the small intestine? | back 41 Crohn's, small intestine surgery |
front 42 the process of a drug going from the bloodstream to tissues from circulating body fluids (bloodstream) to receptor sites | back 42 distribution |
front 43 what affects distribution of drugs? | back 43
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front 44 what does albumin do? | back 44 carries molecules to the sites they need to go to |
front 45 if albumin level is low, what can happen? | back 45 problems related to distribution |
front 46 is the process of changing medications into less active or inactive forms by the action of enzymes | back 46 metabolism |
front 47 where are most drugs metabolized? | back 47 liver |
front 48 what can inhibit enzyme action (metabolism) resulting in excess drug accumulation in the body? | back 48
** this would increase the drugs effect and can lead to toxicity |
front 49 if a pt has high liver enzymes, how might we alter the medication dose? | back 49 decrease it |
front 50 process by which a drug is removed or eliminated by the body | back 50 excretion |
front 51 drugs are eliminated either | back 51 unchanged or as metabolites in the urine |
front 52 what is the primary organ involved in excretion? | back 52 kidneys |
front 53 what labs would you follow to ensure safe medication administration and excretion? | back 53 BUN & Creatinine |
front 54 if above labs are elevated, what should you do as a nurse? | back 54 call MD & suggest decreasing dose or changing to a medication that is not excreted by the kidneys |
front 55 what can impair excretion causing drugs to accumulate? | back 55
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front 56 what are some factors affecting pharmacokinetics? "ADME" | back 56
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front 57 what are some issues seen in the elderly? | back 57
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front 58 The registered nurse is providing care for a pt with a brain tumor. Which nursing action helps to prevent cerebral edema? | back 58 Administering glucocorticoids to the pt |
front 59 a pt is started on low molecular wt heparin (LMWH). what complications should the nurse monitor for? | back 59 thrombocytopenia |
front 60 what is an example of an ototoxic medication that can cause damage to the sensitive structures of the ear, with prolonged or overuse? | back 60 furosemide |
front 61 what medication may cause patients to develop a dry, nonproductive cough | back 61 angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor |
front 62 a pt reporting chest tightness arrives at the hospital. on assessment, the nurse noted wheezing, cough, elevated BP, and pulse rate. the primary healthcare provider prescribes corticosteroids, which is the most likely outcome of the prescribed therapy? | back 62 decreases the inflammation of the airway |
front 63 what is true regarding herbal remedies' impact during surgery? | back 63 they can decrease the effectiveness of anesthesia |
front 64 what is it called when a pt takes six or more medications? | back 64 polypharmacy |
front 65 the pt with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is experiencing pancytopenia. what would be the cause of this? | back 65 immunosuppression |
front 66 which test measures the amount of glucose that binds to RBC's in a nonpregnant adult patient? | back 66 Hemoglobin A1c |
front 67 what is true regarding long acting insulin? | back 67 it is a dose of basal insulin used in combination with rapid acting or short acting |
front 68 which is true of the action of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease? | back 68 they block gastric acid production |
front 69 The nurse is assessing a patient with a history of angina. The patient states that "I usually experience chest pain while climbing the stairs or after walking for 5 minutes." What question should the nurse ask next? | back 69 "If you rest, does the pain subside?" Rationale: This question will help to determine if the angina is stable or unstable. |
front 70 The nurse is admitting a patient in the emergency department with new onset of confusion. The laboratory report shows Na 120 mEq/L; K 5 mEq/L; urine specific gravity 1.038. Which intervention is the highest priority? | back 70 Pad the siderails of the bed. Rationale: The sodium level is very low and the risk for seizures is very high. Implementing seizure precautions is the priority. |
front 71 While caring for a patient who underwent surgical repair of a fracture, the nurse finds edema in the area where the surgery occurred. Which should the nurse assess next based on these findings? | back 71 Distal pulses Rationale: Edema in the area of the surgery may be the cause of impaired perfusion. |
front 72 involves the interactions between medications and target cells-the drugs actions and effects "lock and key" | back 72 pharmacodynamics |
front 73 primary effect of pharmacodynamics is called | back 73 therapeutic effect |
front 74 what are receptror sites? | back 74 proteins on the surface of cells that are capable of recognizing a specific molecule |
front 75 drugs that combine with a specific receptor site to cause a pharmacologic response; the drug action will begin once it attaches to receptor sites | back 75 agonists |
front 76 drugs that prevent a receptor response or block a normal cellular response | back 76 antagonist |
front 77 act both as agonists and antagonists with limited affinity to receptor sites; act differently depending on the receptor site that is used | back 77 partial agonists |
front 78 time it takes for drug to reach an effective blood level and to initiate a response (depends on the route of administration) | back 78 onset |
front 79 when drug achieves its highest blood concentration | back 79 peak |
front 80 length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect | back 80 duration |
front 81 amount of time needed for elimination process to decrease original blood concentration by 50% | back 81 half-life |
front 82 how the drug works | back 82 mechanism of action |
front 83 the patient's response to drug action | back 83 therapeutic effect |
front 84 ability of a drug to produce maximal effects | back 84 efficacy |
front 85 amount of drug required to produce 50% of maximal response possible for that drug | back 85 potency |
front 86 affects the time that a drug stays in the body and can also have an effect upon the drug's efficiency | back 86 plasma protein binding (PPB); it affects both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics |
front 87 the most common plasma protein that drugs are bound to is | back 87 albumin |
front 88 the part of the medication that is bound to the protein is | back 88 inactive |
front 89 what are some things that increase the risk of having interactions: | back 89
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front 90 highest concentration of a drug in the patient's bloodstream | back 90 peak |
front 91 lowest concentration of a drug in the pt's bloodstream | back 91 trough |
front 92 the difference between average toxic and therapeutic doses | back 92 therapeutic index |
front 93 rapidly achieving a higher level of a drug into the patients system to quickly achieve a therapeutic effect | back 93 loading dose |
front 94 maintaining the drug level within a therapeutic range | back 94 maintenance dose |
front 95 examples of medications that may require a loading dose | back 95
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front 96 how a drug produces its response | back 96 pharmacodynamics |
front 97 what affects pharmacodynamics? | back 97
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front 98 relationship between a person's genetic make-up and response to medication | back 98 pharmacogenetics |
front 99 effects that occur when the actions of one drug are affected by another drug; example: antacid and abx | back 99 drug-drug interactions |
front 100 when 2 drugs with similar actions are taken together and the additive effect increases the sum of the effects; example: ASA and codeine | back 100 additive effect |
front 101 when 2 drugs together cause a greater response than each drug given individually; example: lisinopril and furosemide (BP responds much better) | back 101 synergism |
front 102 the action of one drug increases the effect of the second drug; example: warfarin and ASA (causes increase in bleeding potential) | back 102 potentiation |
front 103 drug not a suitable composition to be combined or mixed with another agent or substance, results in an undesirable reaction including chemical alteration or destruction | back 103 drug incompatibility |
front 104 what puts a client at risk for drug interactions? | back 104
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front 105 anticipated effects, usually mild (opioids-nausea, constipation_ | back 105 side effects |
front 106 pt becoming sensitized to drug, producing antibodies against drug creating antigen-antibody reaction (rash, hives, itching) | back 106 allergy |
front 107 severe allergic rxn (bronchospasm, angioedema, etc.) | back 107 anaphylaxis |
front 108 unusual or unexpected response; opposite the desired effect (diphenhydramine should induce sleepiness, however, if it causes hyperactivity, restlessness-that would be this rxn) | back 108 idiosyncratic effect |
front 109 harmful, undesired effects of the possibility of organ damage | back 109 toxic effect |
front 110 no data | back 110 hepatotoxicity |
front 111 no data | back 111 nephrotoxicity |
front 112 no data | back 112 ototoxicity |
front 113 drugs that cause birth defects | back 113 teratogenic effect |
front 114 sociological factors affecting medication administration | back 114 socioeconomic status, housing, marital status/children, season, religious beliefs, finances, transportation |
front 115 psychological factors affecting medication administration | back 115 ethics/cultural beliefs, cognitive functioning, food preferences |
front 116 physiological factors affecting medication administration | back 116 health, senses, chronic disease processes, medication use, dental health |
front 117 what are the rights of medication administration | back 117
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front 118 what is the most common medication error? | back 118 incorrect dosage of drug |
front 119 _________________ people are injured annually by medication errors in the U.S. according to the CDC. Medication errors cause at least one death every day. | back 119 1,300,000 |
front 120 through absorption from GI tract | back 120 enteral |
front 121 parenteral | back 121 by injection: ID, SQ, IM, IV |
front 122 percutaneous administration routes? | back 122
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front 123 what organs must be carefully considered in pediatric medication administration? | back 123 liver and brain b/c they are not fully developed in pediatric patients |
front 124 elderly population-specific information R/T pharmacology | back 124
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front 125 females of childbearing age-specific information R/T pharmacology | back 125
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front 126 1 c is ____ mL | back 126 240 |
front 127 1 tbsp is ____ tsp | back 127 3 |
front 128 1 unit is __________ milliU | back 128 1,000 |
front 129 requires lifelong learning and ability to acquire relevant experiences | back 129 critical thinking |
front 130 what are the levels of critical thinking? | back 130
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front 131 an inner sensing that facts do not currently support something; should spark the nurse to search the data to confirm or disprove the feeling | back 131 intuition |
front 132 a nurse trusts the experts and thinks concretely based on the rules | back 132 basic critical thinking |
front 133 the nurse begins to express autonomy by analyzing and examining data to determine the best alternative | back 133 complex critical thinking |
front 134 the nurse expects to make choices without help from others and fully assumes the responsibility for those choices | back 134 commitment |
front 135 what are the components of critical thinking? | back 135
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front 136 information that's specific to nursing and comes from: -basic nursing education -use of evidence-based practice -continuing education courses -advanced degrees and certification | back 136 knowledge |
front 137 decision-making ability derived from opportunities to observe, sense, and interact with clients followed by active reflection | back 137 experience |
front 138 cognitive processes a nurse uses to make nursing judgments | back 138 competence |
front 139 mindsets that affect how a nurse approaches a problem | back 139 attitudes |
front 140 model for comparing care to determine acceptability, excellence, and appropriateness | back 140 standards |