front 1 Which of the following is a limiting factor in the production of large families of offspring? | back 1 Limited resources |
front 2 In many bird species, an increase in the production of offspring in one year results in which of the following? | back 2 An increase in the probability of dying during that same year A decrease in the number of offspring produced the following year |
front 3 Organisms allocate __________ to current reproduction, or to increasing their prospects of surviving and reproducing at a later time. | back 3 resources |
front 4 Choose increase or decrease for each blank. In some organisms, an (Blank 1) in reproduction leads to a (Blank 2), and consequently, a (Blank 3) in the number of offspring produced in the future. | back 4 Blank 1: increase Blank 2: decrease Blank 3: decrease or reduction |
front 5 Which of the following accurately describes the cost of reproduction? | back 5 A reduction in future reproduction as a result of current reproductive efforts |
front 6 When are organisms expected to produce as many offspring as possible? | back 6 When the cost of reproduction is low |
front 7 Which of the following are true concerning the number of offspring produced per reproductive effort and the investment in offspring per reproductive effort? | back 7 Production of fewer offspring during a reproductive event results in larger offspring with a greater chance of survival. A balance is required between the number of offspring produced and the size of each offspring. The more offspring is produced during a reproductive event, the less energy is invested per offspring. |
front 8 Ecologists refer to the reduction in future reproductive potential resulting from current reproductive efforts as the (Blank 1) of (Blank 2) | back 8 Blank 1: cost Blank 2: reproduction |
front 9 When the cost of reproducing is high, organisms often | back 9 allocate resources to survival and minimize reproduction. defer reproduction to enhance growth. |
front 10 The number of offspring produced during a single reproductive event | back 10 affects the investment in offspring, and the size of each offspring. |
front 11 What is semelparity? | back 11 Semelparity is a reproductive pattern in which the organism reproduces one time and dies. |
front 12 Iteroparity refers to which of the following? | back 12 Animals reproduce throughout their lifetimes. |
front 13 A reproductive strategy in which the organism produces all their offspring in a single reproductive event is called | back 13 semelparity |
front 14 A(n) ______ reproductive strategy is one in which an organism exhibits a pattern of repeated reproduction at intervals throughout its lifetime. | back 14 iteroparous |
front 15 Animal species that have (Blank 1) life spans typically reproduce later in life in comparison to animals species that have (Blank 2) life spans. | back 15 Blank 1: longer Blank 2: shorter |
front 16 Which of the following accurately describes a major advantage of delayed reproduction in longer-lived animal species? | back 16 Juveniles are able to gain experience before investing energy in reproduction. |
front 17 A major source of limitation for population (Blank 1) is the fact that some individuals have fewer surviving offspring than others. | back 17 Blank 1: growth |
front 18 Which of the following is true of animal species which are longer-lived? | back 18 They reproduce at an older age than short-lived species. |
front 19 A major advantage of (Blank 1) reproduction among longer-lived mammals is that offspring gain experience before the energy expenditure of reproduction. | back 19 Blank 1: delayed |
front 20 Which of the following best describes why populations remain at a relatively constant size regardless of how many offspring are born? | back 20 Some individuals have fewer surviving offspring than others. |
front 21 Which of the following equations is used to calculate the rate of population increase? | back 21 r=(b-d)+(i-e) |
front 22 The (Blank 1) (Blank 2) is the rate at which a population of a given species increases when no limits are placed on its rate of growth. | back 22 Blank 1: biotic Blank 2: potential |
front 23 In the equation r = (b-d) + (i-e), r is used to identify which of the following? | back 23 Rate of population increase |
front 24 Which of the following assumptions would be made when modeling exponential growth? | back 24 Food is plentiful. Space is available. Water is unlimited. |
front 25 Which of the following best describes biotic potential? | back 25 The rate at which a population grows when no limits are placed on its rate of growth |
front 26 Rapid population growth occurring when per capita growth rate remains above zero is called (Blank 1) growth. | back 26 Blank 1: exponential |
front 27 Which of the following best describes the result of unchecked exponential growth? | back 27 Population explosion |
front 28 In this figure, line A represents (Blank 1), whereas line B represents (Blank 2). | back 28 Blank 1: growth Blank 2: logistic |
front 29 The pattern in which population growth slows down as it approaches the carrying capacity is termed (Blank 1) growth. | back 29 Blank 1: logistic |
front 30 (Blank 1) growth models assume resources are unlimited. | back 30 Blank 1: Exponential |
front 31 What is exponential growth? | back 31 Rapid growth with a constant rate of increase |
front 32 Unchecked (Blank 1) growth of a population can result in a population explosion which would theoretically continue infinitely. | back 32 Blank 1: exponential |
front 33 What does rN represent in the logistic growth model? | back 33 Intrinsic rate of increase |
front 34 The sigmoidal growth curve in this figure represents which of the following models of population growth? | back 34 Logistic growth |
front 35 In which of the following situations would a population exhibit exponential growth? | back 35 A population which reaches a new habitat with an abundance of resources |
front 36 Which of the following describes logistic growth? | back 36 Logistic growth occurs when the population is restricted by some limiting factor. |
front 37 The carrying capacity is defined as | back 37 the maximum number of individuals that an environment can sustain. |
front 38 Population growth cannot continue at the maximum rate forever because of the limited amount of (Blank 1) available in the environment. Population growth slows and stabilizes at a size called the (Blank 2) (Blank 3) because of these limits. | back 38 Blank 1: resources Blank 2: carrying Blank 3: capacity |
front 39 In the logistic growth model, (K-N)/K represents | back 39 the fraction of the carrying capacity that is still unused. |
front 40 Which of the following best describe how/when patterns of unrestrained or exponential growth of populations generally occur? | back 40 For short periods of time |
front 41 A reduction in the amount of available resources in an environment would cause the carrying capacity to | back 41 decrease |
front 42 Which of the following accurately describe why populations cannot grow exponentially forever? | back 42 Population growth is limited by the amount of available resources. |
front 43 A population with a per capita growth rate declining to zero would begin to approach its | back 43 Blank 1: max Blank 2: capacity |
front 44 When a population's size does not change over time, the population's growth rate is | back 44 zero |
front 45 Density-(Blank 1) factors are those whose influence varies with population density, whereas density-(Blank 2) factors are those whose influence is unaffected by population size. | back 45 Blank 1: dependent Blank 2: independent |
front 46 Which of the following can be affected by density dependent factors? | back 46 Death rates and/or birth rates |
front 47 Which of the following describe what happens to a population as it approaches its carrying capacity? | back 47 As a population approaches carrying capacity, resources are used up and growth rate declines. |
front 48 According to the logistic growth model, when the number (N) of individuals in a population approaches its carrying capacity (K), the population's growth rate should approach (and eventually become) which of the following? | back 48 Zero |
front 49 Which of the following accurately compares density dependent (DD) factors and density independent (DI) factors? | back 49 DD: mortality increases with population size; DI mortality remains unchanged with population size |
front 50 Choose all ways in which density dependent effects can limit population growth. | back 50 Increased levels of predation Accumulation of toxic wastes Strong competition for resources. |
front 51 Choose the two examples of populations that might exhibit the Allee effect. | back 51 A sparsely distributed population, in which individuals have difficulty finding mates A population of a species that relies on large groups to deter predators |
front 52 Which of the following describes the role of density-dependent factors on population size? | back 52 Density-dependent factors regulate population size by limiting growth as density increases. |
front 53 Which of the following accurately defines density-independent mortality factors? | back 53 Factors for which mortality remains unchanged in response to population density |
front 54 Which of the following is an example of a density-dependent factor? | back 54 Disease |
front 55 Select all of the following that are density-independent factors that influence population size. | back 55 Fire Hard freeze |
front 56 In some cases, the growth rate of a population can increase with population size. This is known as the (Blank 1) effect. | back 56 Allee |
front 57 Populations strongly affected by density-independent factors often time exhibit | back 57 erratic growth patterns. |
front 58 Mortality factors whose influence is not affected by changes in the number of individuals per unit are called density-(Blank 1) factors. | back 58 Blank 1: independent |
front 59 Which of the following is a density-independent factor? | back 59 Drought |
front 60 What two factors appear to regulate the numbers of snowshoe hares? | back 60 Predators Food sources |
front 61 What type of factors can produce a population growth curve characterized by erratic growth patterns? | back 61 Density-independent factors |
front 62 Which of the following accurately describe the following features of a typical K-selected species? A. LIfe span B. Mortality rate C. Size of offspring | back 62 A. Long; B. Usually low; C. Large |
front 63 K-selected species would include which of the following? | back 63 Polar bears Panthers Oak trees |
front 64 Which of the following is an r-selected species? | back 64 Clover |
front 65 Population cycles for the Snowshoe hare are regulated by two factors, (Blank 1) and (Blank 2). | back 65 Blank 1: predators Blank 2: food or food plants |
front 66 (Blank 1)-selected species are those with unstable populations that have a high rate of per capita population growth. | back 66 r |
front 67 (Blank 1)-selected species are those with relatively stable populations adapted to existing at or near their carrying capacity. | back 67 K |
front 68 Which of the following are considered K-selected species? | back 68 Humans |
front 69 Which of the following are r-selected species? | back 69 Fleas Beetles Dandelions |
front 70 Characteristics of r-selected species include which of the following? | back 70 High reproductive rate Rapid development Early reproductive age |
front 71 (Blank 1)-selected species exhibit high per capita growth rates with poor competitive ability, whereas (Blank 2)-selected species exhibit low per capita growth rates with strong competitive ability. | back 71 Blank 1: r Blank 2: K |
front 72 Humans exhibit which of the following K-selected adaptations? | back 72 Long life span |
front 73 What type of species would be expected to have a short life span, and an early age at first reproduction? | back 73 An r-selected species |
front 74 Which of the following best describes how the human population is growing? | back 74 It is growing exponentially because of advancements in technology. |
front 75 The current growth rate of the human population is about | back 75 1.1% per year |
front 76 Which of the following are K-selected life-history traits seen in humans? | back 76 Late reproduction High degree of parental care Small brood size |
front 77 What are r-selected species? | back 77 Species with high rate of per capita population growth, but poor competitive ability |
front 78 In most human population pyramids, | back 78 the number of older females is disproportionately large compared with the number of older males. |
front 79 Which of the following is true of a population pyramid that has a triangular shape? | back 79 It has a large number of people below child-bearing age; it will experience rapid future population growth when these people have children. |
front 80 Select all reasons for human exponential growth. | back 80 Improvements to public health Better sanitation practices Domestication of animals |
front 81 The current growth rate of the human population is 1.1% per year. What does this growth rate mean in terms of the doubling time of the human population? | back 81 It will still take relatively little (about 60 years) for the human population to double |
front 82 A population (Blank 1) is a bar graph displaying the number of people in several age categories. | back 82 pyramid |
front 83 A population pyramid that is shaped like an (Blank 1) triangle is characteristic of a shrinking population | back 83 Blank 1: inverted |
front 84 Rapid population growth in developing countries has had an important effect: it has increased the gap between | back 84 the rich and the poor. |
front 85 As the human population approaches Earth's carrying capacity, scientists have recorded | back 85 an increase in death rates in some areas of the planet. |
front 86 The human growth rate is currently (Blank 1) due to increased family planning methods, and the increase economic power and social status of women. | back 86 decreasing |
front 87 Recently, the gap between the rich and the poor has significantly increased in many developing countries. This is at least to some extent due to | back 87 the rapid growth of the human population in those countries. |
front 88 What proportion of the human population is currently malnourished? | back 88 Between 1/4 and 1/8 |
front 89 The aggregate total of productive land needed for survival is called a person's (Blank 1)(Blank 2) | back 89 Blank 1: ecological Blank 2: footprint |
front 90 Which of the following factors have led to a decline in the world population growth rate? | back 90 Increase in availability of family planning programs |
front 91 How does the ecological footprint of an individual in the USA compare to that of someone in a developing country, such as, for example, India? | back 91 The ecological footprint of someone in the USA is much larger. |
front 92 Which of the following accurately describes an ecological footprint? | back 92 The amount of land required to support an individual throughout their lifetime |
front 93 If the average ecological footprint per person that Earth can sustain is about 2 hectares and humans exceed that, an ecologist would infer which of the following? | back 93 We were in an ecological deficit and we would reach carrying capacity faster. |
front 94 How does the ecological footprint of individuals in developed countries compare to that of individuals in developing countries? | back 94 Developed countries >> developing countries |
front 95 Our ecological footprint can help estimate carrying capacity because of which of the following? | back 95 It is an indication of whether we are using more productive land than the earth can sustain over time. |