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Blood

front 1

What are functions of the blood?

back 1

-Transport gases, hormones, nutrients and wastes
-Maintenance of body temperature
-Acid/base balance
-Defense against microorganisms (virii and bacteria)

front 2

What are the major components of blood?

back 2

-Plasma (46-63%)
-Formed elements (37-54%)

front 3

What is anti-D serum used for

back 3

RH typing

front 4

Most Common plasma protein

back 4

albumin

front 5

Most numerous leukocyte in a normal blood smear

back 5

Neutrophils

front 6

Function of Platelets

back 6

blood clotting

front 7

Whats the difference between blood serum and blood plasma?

back 7

Blood serum has no clotting factor, whereas blood plasma does

front 8

What percentage of blood does blood plasma make up?

back 8

55%

front 9

What percent of blood plasma is water?

back 9

92%

front 10

The least abundant protein in the blood that is also involved in the clotting process

back 10

Fibrinogen

front 11

Most abundant cells within circulatory system

back 11

Erythrocytes, or RBC's

front 12

3 Genes for Rh

back 12

C,D,and E. D is the most reactive, and the D-antigen is what determines Rh+ or Rh-

front 13

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

back 13

The mother's anti-D antibodies pass through placenta and agglunitate the rbc's and the cells hemolyze, or rupture, and the parts are found in circulation of the baby

front 14

RhoGAM

back 14

Rh immune globulin, which binds fetal RBC antigens so that they cannont stimulate the mother's immune system to produce anti-D antibodies

front 15

most abundant type of granulocyte and second most abundant leukocyte

back 15

lymphocytes

front 16

named after protein antigen; present in rbc membrane

back 16

ABO

front 17

+ substance that the body recognizes as foreign,
+ stimulates the immune system to release antibodies

back 17

antigen

front 18

Blood type determined by

back 18

what antigen (agglutinogen) your blood contains

front 19

- found in plasma
- bind to rbc & cause clumping
- if wrong type if transfused...it ruptures
- formed 2-8 months old
- maximum @ 8-10 years old

back 19

antibodies (agglutinins)

front 20

+ self antigen (antigen D)
+ named after rhesus monkey

back 20

Rh factor

front 21

Rh+ if present

back 21

NO antibodies

front 22

Rh-

back 22

antibodies PRESENT

front 23

if Rh- gets Rh+ transfusion

back 23

it will produce Rh antibody

front 24

Landsteiner's Law

back 24

if an individual is missing A or B antigen from RBC the individual will have corresponding Ab in plasma

front 25

ABO system genotypes and phenotypes

back 25

genotypes & phenotypes -
A - AA/AO
B - BB/BO
AB - AB
O - OO

- O is amorphic
- AB genes are co-dominant

front 26

Blood typing is based on the presence of what and on where?

back 26

Presence of specific glycoproteins on the outer surface of the RBC plasma membrane

front 27

The glycoproteins used for blood typing are called what specifically?

back 27

Antigens/agglutinogens

front 28

How are antigens/agglutinogens determined?

back 28

Genetically

front 29

For ABO blood groups, their antigens are accompanied by what other specific plasma proteins?

back 29

Antibodies/agglutinins

front 30

What is the function of antibodies/agglutinins?

back 30

Act against RBCs carrying antigens that are not present on the person's own RBCs

front 31

What if the donor blood type doesn't match?

back 31

The recipient's antibodies react with the donor's blood antigens, causing the RBCs to clump, agglutinate, and hemolyze.

front 32

Describe individuals who do not carry the Rh antigen.

back 32

Rh negative

front 33

Describe individuals who carry the Rh antigen.

back 33

Rh positive

front 34

Blood groups are made up of any surface antigen on formed elements, not just ABO and Rh, and include over 500 known antigens.

back 34

true

front 35

What is the largest leukocyte that contains small cytoplasmic granules and typically a kidney- or horseshoe-shaped nucleus?

back 35

Monocyte

front 36

A patient is diagnosed with leukocytosis if they have more than __________ WBCs/μL.

back 36

10,000

front 37

A woman's first pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type __________ and both children are most likely __________.

back 37

A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive

front 38

The main reason why an individual with type AB, Rh-negative blood cannot donate blood to an individual with type A, Rh-positive blood is because __________.

back 38

anti-B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor

front 39

An individual has type B, Rh-positive blood. The individual has __________ antigen(s) and can produce anti-__________ antibodies.

back 39

B and D; A

front 40

The universal donor of RBCs, but not necessarily plasma, is blood type __________.

back 40

O, Rh-negative

front 41

Why are pregnant Rh- women given an injection of Rh immune globulin?

back 41

Antibodies in the injection bind fetal RBC antigens so they cannot stimulate her immune system to produce anti-D antibodies

front 42

A person with type AB blood has __________ RBC antigen(s).

back 42

A and B

front 43

A person with type A blood can safely donate RBCs to someone of type __________ and can receive RBCs from someone of type __________.

back 43

AB; O

front 44

Which of the following is not contained in the buffy coat?

back 44

Erythrocytes

front 45

Rh incompatibility between a sensitized Rh+ woman and an Rh- fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn.

back 45

false

front 46

Incompatibility of one person's blood with another results from the action of plasma antibodies against the RBCs' antigens.

back 46

true

front 47

A person develops anti-A antibodies only after he is exposed to antigen A, and anti-B antibodies only after he is exposed to antigen B.

back 47

false

front 48

Oxygen and carbon dioxide bind to different parts of hemoglobin.

back 48

true

front 49

Red blood cells are also known as ____.

back 49

erythrocytes

front 50

____ are biconcave disks that are easy to change shape

back 50

RBC

front 51

Red blood cells have ____ only that binds reversibly with oxygen.

back 51

hemoglobin

front 52

There are no ____ in red blood cells, therefore there is no oxygen use, protein production, or reproduction.

back 52

nuclei or organelles

front 53

____ from bone produces red blood cells.

back 53

red bone marrow

front 54

Defend the body against disease.

back 54

white blood cells

front 55

Type ____ blood has no agglutination.

back 55

O

front 56

Type ____ blood is the universal plasma donor.

back 56

AB

front 57

Type ____ blood is the universal cell donor.

back 57

O

front 58

Type ____ blood is the universal plasma recipient.

back 58

O

front 59

Type ____ blood is the universal cell recipient.

back 59

AB

front 60

Rh+ indicates the presence of the ____.

back 60

D antigen

front 61

Anti-Rh antibodies are not spontaneously formed in ____ individuals.

back 61

Rh-

front 62

NAME THREE IONS NORMALLY FOUND IN PLASMA.

back 62

SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM

front 63

NAME TWO GASES NORMALLY FOUND IN PLASMA.

back 63

CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN

front 64

Which of the following is a function of the blood?

A) transport of nutrients and wastes

B) transport of body heat

C) transport of gases

D) defense against toxins and pathogens

E) All of the answers are correct.

back 64

E) All of the answers are correct.

front 65

Which of the following statements about blood is false?

A) Blood contains buffers that control pH.

B) The normal pH of blood is 6.8 to 7.0.

C) Blood is more viscous than water.

D) Blood is about 55 percent plasma.

E) Cells in blood comprise the formed elements.

back 65

B) The normal pH of blood is 6.8 to 7.0.

front 66

Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?

A) 55 percent

B) 30 percent

C) 60 percent

D) 45 percent

E) 20 percent

back 66

D) 45 percent

front 67

The combination of plasma and formed elements is called

A) serum.

B) lymph.

C) whole blood.

D) extracellular fluid.

E) packed blood.

back 67

C) whole blood.

front 68

Which of the following is/are NOT (a) formed element(s)?

  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Plasma
  4. Platelets

back 68

Plasma

front 69

Which category of plasma proteins includes the antibodies?

  1. fibrinogen
  2. globulins
  3. albumin
  4. hormones

back 69

  1. globulins

front 70

The formed elements of the blood consist of __________.

  1. antibodies, metalloproteins, and lipoproteins
  2. electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes
  3. albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
  4. red and white blood cells and platelets

back 70

red and white blood cells and platelets

front 71

Proportionately, what is the largest component of the plasma, other than water?

  1. Electrolytes
  2. Wastes
  3. Nutrients
  4. Proteins

back 71

protein

front 72

How much blood does an adult male normally have?

  1. 4-5 liters
  2. 2-3 liters
  3. 5-6 liters
  4. 3-4 liters

back 72

  1. 5-6 liters

front 73

Which of the following is NOT a function of the blood?

  1. All of the listed responses are correct.
  2. Transportation of gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes
  3. Regulation of pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids
  4. Defend against pathogens

back 73

All of the listed responses are correct.

front 74

In addition to water and proteins, what else make up plasma?

  1. None of the listed responses are correct.
  2. Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
  3. Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
  4. Electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes

back 74

Electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes

front 75

What is serum?

  1. Plasma with the proteins removed
  2. Plasma without electrolytes
  3. Plasma with the clotting factors removed
  4. Plasma with only immunoglobulins present

back 75

Plasma with the clotting factors removed

front 76

The most abundant component of plasma is

A) ions.

B) proteins.

C) water.

D) gases.

E) nutrients.

back 76

water

front 77

Which of the following is not one of the formed elements of blood?

A) RBCs

B) platelets

C) antibodies

D) lymphocytes

E) basophils

back 77

antibodies

front 78

Plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume.

A) 55; 92

B) 92; 7

C) 92; 55

D) 45; 55

E) 50; 50

back 78

55; 92

front 79

Which of the following statements concerning red blood cells is false?

A) Red cells are biconcave discs.

B) Red cells lack mitochondria.

C) Red cells are about 18 µm in diameter.

D) Red cells are specialized for carrying oxygen.

E) Red cells can form stacks called rouleaux.

back 79

Red cells are about 18 µm in diameter.

front 80

The function of red blood cells is to

A) carry oxygen from the cells to the lungs.

B) carry carbon dioxide from the lungs to the body's cells.

C) carry nutrients from the digestive system to the body's cells.

D) defend the body against infectious organisms.

E) carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide.

back 80

E) carry oxygen to the cells and then carry away carbon dioxide.

front 81

The function of hemoglobin is to

A) carry dissolved blood gases.

B) carry bicarbonate ion.

C) aid in the process of blood clotting.

D) produce antibodies.

E) stimulate erythropoiesis.

back 81

A) carry dissolved blood gases.

front 82

Fifty to seventy percent of circulating white blood cells are _______.

A) monocytes.

B) lymphocytes.

C) eosinophils.

D) basophils.

E) neutrophils.

back 82

neutrophils

front 83

The ________ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of each of the various types of white blood cells.

A) differential count

B) hematocrit

C) sedimentation rate

D) WBC count

E) complete cell count (CBC)

back 83

differential count

front 84

The clumping of red blood cells, when the specific antibody against the antigen on the cells is added, is called _______.

A) coagulation.

B) agglutination.

C) hemostasis.

D) vascularization.

E) areolation.

back 84

agglutination

front 85

________ is responsible for the RBC's ability to transport oxygen and CO2.

A) Hemoglobin

B) Fibrinogen

C) Albumin

D) Transferrin

E) Ferritin

back 85

Hemoglobin

front 86

The antibodies that attack antigens on foreign RBCs are called __________.

back 86

aggluntinins

front 87

People with type O blood are considered "universal donors" for transfusions because __________.

  1. their blood lacks A and B agglutinins (antibodies)
  2. their blood is plentiful in A and B agglutinins
  3. their red blood cells lack A and B surface antigens
  4. they usually have very strong red blood cells

back 87

C. their red blood cells lack A and B surface antigens

front 88

A person with a type A positive blood can safely receive blood from all of these donors EXCEPT __________.

  1. O positive
  2. A negative
  3. B positive
  4. A positive

back 88

B positive

front 89

Plasma makes up approximately what percentage of whole blood?

  1. 65 percent
  2. 55 percent
  3. 45 percent
  4. 38 percent

back 89

55 percent

front 90

If agglutinogen B meets with agglutinin anti-A, what is the result?

  1. No agglutination occurs.
  2. A cross-reaction occurs.
  3. The patient dies.
  4. The patient becomes comatose.

back 90

No agglutination occurs

front 91

What type of blood is considered to be the “universal donor”?

  1. Type O negative
  2. Type AB positive
  3. Type B negative
  4. Type A negative

back 91

Type O negative

front 92

Where are red blood cells produced in an adult?

  1. Lungs
  2. Liver
  3. Red bone marrow
  4. Yellow bone marrow

back 92

Red bone marrow

front 93

Agglutinogens are contained on the __________, whereas the agglutinins are found in the __________.

  1. plasma; cell membrane of the RBC
  2. cell membrane of the RBC; plasma
  3. mitochondria; nucleus of the RBC
  4. nucleus of the RBC; mitochondria

back 93

B. cell membrane of the RBC; plasma

front 94

Which of the following combinations may result in the hemolytic disease of the newborn?

A) mother Rh positive, baby Rh negative

B) mother Rh negative, baby Rh negative

C) mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive

D) mother type A+, baby type O+

E) None of the answers is correct.

back 94

C) mother Rh negative, baby Rh positive (mother is always rH negative in this disease)

front 95

Antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called ________ and antibodies in the blood plasma are also called ________.

A) agglutinins; agglutinogens

B) agglutinogens; agglutinins

C) T-cells; B-cells

D) erythrogens; antibiotics

E) serum; plasma

back 95

B) agglutinogens; agglutinins

front 96

Anti-D antibodies are present in the blood of

A) all individuals with type AB blood.

B) Rh negative individuals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen.

C) all Rh positive individuals.

D) Rh positive individuals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen.

E) all Rh negative individuals.

back 96

B) Rh negative individuals who have been exposed to the D surface antigen.

front 97

Type AB blood has which of the following characteristics?

A) RBCs have the Rh positive antigens and the anti-D plasma antibodies.

B) RBCs have no surface antigens and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

C) RBCs have both the A & B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies.

D) RBCs have the A and the B surface antigens and the plasma has anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

E) RBCs have the A antigen and the plasma has the anti-B antibody.

back 97

C) RBCs have both the A & B surface antigens and no ABO plasma antibodies.

front 98

People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because

A) their blood cells lack A and B antigens.

B) their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.

C) their blood is plentiful in A and B agglutinins.

D) they usually have very strong immune systems.

E) they are usually Rh negative.

back 98

B) their blood lacks A or B agglutinins.