front 1 Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some
point during their life cycle? | back 1 B |
front 2 Why do adult urochordates (tunicates) lack notochords, even though
larval urochordates have them? Larvae use notochords to _____. | back 2 A |
front 3 If a tunicate's pharyngeal gill slits were suddenly blocked, the
animal would have trouble _____. | back 3 D |
front 4 Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as
_____. | back 4 B |
front 5 Which of the following statements would be LEAST acceptable to most
zoologists? | back 5 C |
front 6 Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest
chordates in appearance? | back 6 A |
front 7 Vertebrates and tunicates share _____. | back 7 D |
front 8 All chordates studied to date, except tunicates, share a set of
_____. | back 8 A |
front 9 Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a
lamprey? | back 9 D |
front 10 A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely
resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics:
external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a
suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will
probably have which of the following characteristics? | back 10 B |
front 11 The earliest known mineralized structures in vertebrates are
associated with _____. | back 11 A |
front 12 A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven
effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is
ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the
skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison's effectiveness
in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about
potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many
ways. Why is this concern misplaced? | back 12 C |
front 13 To reproduce, many plants produce seeds-structures containing
embryonic offspring along with nutrients inside a tough case. These
offspring develop after being released by the parent plant. To which
animal reproductive strategy is seed production most
comparable? | back 13 A |
front 14 Why do skates and rays have flattened bodies, while sharks are
torpedo shaped? | back 14 D |
front 15 Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between
sharks and ray-finned fishes? | back 15 C |
front 16 The presence of a swim bladder allows the typical ray-finned fish to
stop swimming and still _____. | back 16 D |
front 17 Which shark structure is closest in function to a swim bladder full
of gas? | back 17 B |
front 18 If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary) in the
water column and ventilate its gills effectively, then what other
structure besides its swim bladder will it use? | back 18 D |
front 19 How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of
early vertebrate lineages? | back 19 C |
front 20 It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial
link between other fishes and tetrapods. What is the major feature in
these fish in support of this hypothesis? | back 20 B |
front 21 Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes? | back 21 B |
front 22 Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of
chondrichthyans and osteichthyans? | back 22 B |
front 23 Arrange these groups in order from most inclusive (most general) to
least inclusive (most specific). | back 23 C |
front 24 Suppose, while out camping in a forest, you found a chordate with a
long, slender, limbless body slithering across the ground near your
tent. This critter could be _____. | back 24 C |
front 25 While on an intersession course in tropical ecology, Kris pulls a
large, snakelike organism from a burrow (the class was granted a
collecting permit). The 1-meter-long organism has smooth skin, which
appears to be segmented. It has two tiny eyes that are hard to see
because they seem to be covered by skin. Kris brings it back to the
lab at the field station, where it is a source of puzzlement to the
class. Kris says that it is a giant oligochaete worm; Shaun suggests
it is a legless amphibian; Kelly proposes it belongs to a snake
species that is purely fossorial (lives in a burrow). | back 25 B |
front 26 The organism was found to have two lungs, but the left lung was much
smaller than the right lung. Kelly added that the herpetology
instructor had said that in most snakes, the same condition exists. If
the size difference between the lungs in this organism is not a shared
ancestral characteristic with its occurrence in snakes, then its
existence in this organism is explained as which of the
following? | back 26 B |
front 27 Which of the following could be considered the most recent common
ancestor of living tetrapods? | back 27 A |
front 28 A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was
_____. | back 28 B |
front 29 Fossils of the earliest tetrapods should _____. | back 29 C |
front 30 Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that
attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism. The
attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round
mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it
might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey. | back 30 A |
front 31 What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution
of the amniotic egg? | back 31 A |
front 32 Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the
embryo? | back 32 D |
front 33 The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair,
and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of _____. | back 33 B |
front 34 Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in
mammals and birds? | back 34 D |
front 35 Suppose you traveled back in time and located the first animals to
have evolved feathers. You found that these animals were tree-dwelling
ectotherms, able to run quickly but unable to fly. You also noticed
that only males had feathers. Which hypothesis of feather evolution
would these data most support? Feathers initially evolved in a role
associated with _____. | back 35 C |
front 36 Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the
following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this
habit? | back 36 A |
front 37 Which characteristic is common to all the modern representatives of
all major reptilian lineages (turtles, lepidosaurs, crocodilians, and
birds)? | back 37 D |
front 38 Which of these are amniotes? | back 38 C |
front 39 Due to its system of air sacs connected to the lungs, the respiratory
system of birds is arguably the most effective respiratory system of
all air-breathers. Upon inhalation, air first flows into posterior air
sacs, then into the lungs, and then into anterior air sacs on the way
to being exhaled. Thus, there is one-way flow of air through the
lungs, along thousands of tubules called parabronchi. | back 39 C |
front 40 The one-way flow of air along parabronchi makes what type of gas
exchange mechanism possible, at least theoretically? | back 40 A |
front 41 Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in
relatively dry environments? | back 41 A |
front 42 Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended
directly from dinosaurs? | back 42 C |
front 43 During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to
most recent) in which the following structures arose? | back 43 A |
front 44 Which clade does NOT include humans? | back 44 B |
front 45 Primate evolution and behavior, such as hunting skills, have been
directed in part by the development of depth perception. What
anatomical change made depth perception possible? | back 45 C |
front 46 What group of mammals have (a) embryos that spend more time feeding
through the placenta than the mother's nipples, (b) young that feed on
milk, and (c) a prolonged period of maternal care after leaving the
placenta? | back 46 A |
front 47 Which of the following represents the strongest evidence that two of
the three middle ear bones of mammals are homologous to certain
reptilian jawbones? | back 47 D |
front 48 Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general) group in
which all of the members have fully opposable thumbs? | back 48 C |
front 49 Which of these would a paleontologist most likely do to determine if
a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal? | back 49 D |
front 50 Female birds lay their eggs, thereby facilitating flight by reducing
weight. Which "strategy" seems most likely for female bats
to use to achieve the same goal? | back 50 A |
front 51 Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials _____. | back 51 B |
front 52 On the back of your skull you can feel a small bump, below which is
an opening where the spinal cord enters the skull. The location of
this opening toward the bottom of the skull is significant in
evolutionary biology for what reason? | back 52 C |
front 53 Brown et al. and Morwood et al. reported in 2004 that they had found
skeletal remains of a previously unknown type of hominin, now dubbed
Homo floresiensis, on the Indonesian island of Flores. These hominins
were small (approximately 1 meter tall) with small braincases
(approximately 380 cubic centimeters) as compared with other hominins.
The remains of H. floresiensis were found alongside handmade stone
tools and the remains of dwarf elephants that also inhabited the
island, suggesting that H. floresiensis was able both to make tools
and to coordinate the hunting of animals much larger than itself. H.
floresiensis is estimated to have lived at the site where the remains
were found from at least 38,000 years ago to 18,000 years
ago. | back 53 C |
front 54 In what respect do hominins differ from all other
anthropoids? | back 54 C |
front 55 The table above is a comparison of several characteristics of H.
floresiensis to those of nine other hominin species (arranged roughly
from oldest to most recent). What do these data suggest? | back 55 A |
front 56 Refer to the paragraph on Brown et al. and Morwood et al. It is
speculated that H. floresiensis and H. sapiens may have lived on
Flores concurrently. Suppose researchers obtained mitochondrial DNA
samples from the H. floresiensis remains, amplified a 1000-base-pair
sequence via PCR, and compared it to that of several currently living
H. sapiens native to Indonesia, North Africa, and North America. Also
suppose H. floresiensis were found to differ from the average
Indonesian H. sapiens in 28 base pairs, from the average North African
H. sapiens in 51 base pairs, and from the average North American H.
sapiens in 53 base pairs, while two randomly selected H. sapiens
differed from each other in an average of 21 base pairs. What would
you surmise from these data? | back 56 D |
front 57 Arrange the following taxonomic terms in order from most inclusive
(most general) to least inclusive (most specific). | back 57 B |
front 58 Which of these traits is most strongly associated with the adoption
of bipedalism? | back 58 D |
front 59 Which of the following statements about human evolution is
correct? | back 59 D |
front 60 With which of the following statements would a biologist be most
inclined to agree? | back 60 A |