front 1 The inner lining of the heart. | back 1 Endocardium |
front 2 Heart muscle. | back 2 Myocardium |
front 3 Serous layer covering the heart muscle. | back 3 Epicardium |
front 4 17) The outermost layer of the serous pericardium. | back 4 Parietal layer |
front 5 Heart rate at rest under both autonomic divisions signaling | back 5 Vagal tone |
front 6 An abnormally fast heart rate | back 6 Tachycardia |
front 7 An abnormally slow heart rate | back 7 Bradycardia |
front 8 Difference between resting and maximal cardiac output | back 8 Cardiac reserve |
front 9 Prevents backflow into the left ventricle. | back 9 Aortic valve |
front 10 Prevents backflow into the right atrium. | back 10 Tricuspid valve |
front 11 Prevents backflow into the left atrium. | back 11 Mitral valve |
front 12 Prevents backflow into the right ventricle. | back 12 Pulmonary valve |
front 13 AV valve with two flaps. | back 13 Mitral valve |
front 14 AV valve with three flaps. | back 14 Tricuspid valve |
front 15 Heart muscle is deprived of oxygen. | back 15 Ischemia |
front 16 Death of heart muscle cells. | back 16 Infarction |
front 17 A condition of rapid and irregular or out-of-phase contraction of heart muscle cells. | back 17 Fibrillation |
front 18 An abnormal pacemaker. | back 18 Fibrillation |
front 19 Total heart relaxation. | back 19 Quiescent period |
front 20 The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries. | back 20 true |
front 21 Cardiac muscle has more mitochondria and depends less on a continual supply of oxygen than does skeletal muscle. | back 21 false |
front 22 Anastomoses among coronary arterial branches provide collateral routes for blood delivery to the heart muscle. | back 22 true |
front 23 Congestive heart failure means that the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissues. | back 23 true |
front 24 Tissues damaged by myocardial infarction are replaced by connective tissue. | back 24 true |
front 25 The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right. | back 25 true |
front 26 Chronic release of excess thyroxine can cause a sustained increase in heart rate and a weakened heart. | back 26 true |
front 27 Arterial blood supply to heart muscle is continuous whether the heart is in systole or diastole. | back 27 false |
front 28 Auricles slightly increase blood volume in the ventricles. | back 28 false |
front 29 The "lub" sounds of the heart are valuable in diagnosis because they provide information about the function of the heart's pulmonary and aortic valves. | back 29 false |
front 30 Autonomic regulation of heart rate is via two reflex centers found in the pons. | back 30 false |
front 31 The papillary muscles contract after the other ventricular muscles so that they can take up the slack on the chordae tendineae before the full force of ventricular contractions sends blood against the AV valve flaps. | back 31 false |
front 32 An ECG provides direct information about valve function. | back 32 false |
front 33 As pressure in the aorta rises due to atherosclerosis, more ventricular pressure is required to open the aortic valve. | back 33 true |
front 34 Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia is characterized by bursts of atrial contractions with little pause between them. | back 34 true |
front 35 Blood in the heart chambers provides some nutrients to the heart muscle cells. | back 35 true |
front 36 Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events? | back 36 closure of the heart valves |
front 37 Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open? | back 37 Ventricles are in diastole. |
front 38 Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________. | back 38 a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output |
front 39 The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________. | back 39 pump blood with greater pressure |
front 40 Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block. | back 40 AV node |
front 41 The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________. | back 41 atrial depolarization |
front 42 Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________. | back 42 left atrium |
front 43 The condition where fluid compresses the heart and limits its ability to contract is called ________. | back 43 cardiac tamponade |
front 44 The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________. | back 44 angina pectoris |
front 45 To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the ________. | back 45 second intercostal space to the right of the sternum |
front 46 The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ________. | back 46 coronary arteries |
front 47 The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________. | back 47 pumps blood against a greater resistance |
front 48 Which of the following factors does not influence heart rate? | back 48 skin color |
front 49 Which of the following is not an age-related change affecting the heart? | back 49 thinning of the valve flaps |
front 50 If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________. | back 50 decreased delivery of oxygen |
front 51 If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, ________. | back 51 tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action |
front 52 Norepinephrine acts on the heart by ________. | back 52 causing threshold to be reached more quickly |
front 53 If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________. | back 53 the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute |
front 54 A foramen ovale ________. | back 54 connects the two atria in the fetal heart |
front 55 Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood during right ventricular systole? | back 55 pulmonary trunk |
front 56 Which of these vessels receives blood during ventricular systole? | back 56 both the aorta and pulmonary trunk |
front 57 Which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart? | back 57 AV valve |
front 58 The tricuspid valve is closed ________. | back 58 when the ventricle is in systole |
front 59 When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________. | back 59 noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls |
front 60 Select the correct statement about the heart valves. | back 60 The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur. |
front 61 Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells. | back 61 The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all |
front 62 Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall. | back 62 The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts. |
front 63 Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________. | back 63 has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium |
front 64 During the period of ventricular filling ________. | back 64 blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles |
front 65 The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle? | back 65 isovolumetric relaxation |
front 66 If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, ________. | back 66 threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase |
front 67 Select the correct statement about cardiac output. | back 67 A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction. |
front 68 During contraction of heart muscle cells ________. | back 68 some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores |
front 69 Isovolumetric contraction ________. | back 69 refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers |
front 70 Commotio cordis is heart failure due to a ________. | back 70 relatively mild blow to the chest that occurs during a vulnerable interval (2 ms) when the heart is repolarizing |
front 71 The pacemaker rhythm that determines heart rate is called ________ rhythm. | back 71 Sinus |
front 72 The ECG ________ wave interval represents ventricular repolarization. | back 72 T |
front 73 The ________ layer of the serous pericardium covers the heart. | back 73 visceral |
front 74 The ________ valve of the heart has three valves with chordae tendineae. | back 74 tricuspid |
front 75 When heart valve replacement is required, the ________ valve is the most likely valve that needs to be replaced. | back 75 mitral |
front 76 Heart murmurs or rubs are considered to be ________ sounds. | back 76 abnormal |
front 77 Define systole and diastole. Which heart chambers are usually referenced when these terms are used? | back 77 Systole is contraction of the muscle. Diastole is relaxation of the muscle. The contraction and relaxation of the ventricles are normally described with the terms systole and diastole |
front 78 Define the terms end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV) and relate them to the calculation of stroke volume. | back 78 EDV is the amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during diastole. ESV is the volume of blood remaining in a ventricle after it has contracted. Stroke volume (ml/beat) equals EDV - ESV. |
front 79 What is the difference between the auricles and the atria? | back 79 Auricles are the flaplike appendages attached to the atria that increase the atrial volume. The atria are receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary and systemic circulation |
front 80 What two important functions does the cardiac conduction system perform? | back 80 to initiate impulses (pacemaker) and to distribute impulses throughout the heart so that it depolarizes and contracts in an orderly, sequential manner. |
front 81 Why is oxygen so much more critical to the heart muscle than to skeletal muscles? | back 81 Cardiac muscle cells are highly dependent on oxygen and rely almost exclusively on aerobic respiration |
front 82 What is the functional importance of the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle? | back 82 Intercalated discs contain anchoring desmosomes that prevent cell separation, and gap junctions that allow ions to travel from cell to cell, transmitting current across the entire heart |
front 83 What is the functional importance of the fibrous skeleton of the heart? | back 83 The fibrous skeleton acts as a tendon, an insertion and insulator, giving the cardiac cells something to pull or exert their force on and isolating atrial from ventricular contractions. |