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82 notecards = 21 pages (4 cards per page)

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Vocabulary The Cardiovascular System the Heart

front 1

Pulmonary Circuit

back 1

blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

front 2

Systemic Circuit

back 2

blood vessels that carry blood to and from all body tissues

front 3

Mediastinum

back 3

medial cavity of the thorax

front 4

Apex of the heart

back 4

is the lowest superficial part of the heart, points toward lest hip

front 5

Apical Impulse

back 5

also called the point of maximum impulse (PMI), is the furthermost point outwards (laterally) and downwards (inferiorly) from the sternum at which the cardiac impulse can be felt. The cardiac impulse is the result of the heart rotating, moving forward and striking against the chest wall during systole.

front 6

Pericardium

back 6

doubled-walled sac that encloses the heart.

front 7

Fibrous Pericardium

back 7

superficial part of pericardium, protects, anchors and prevents the heart from overfilling

front 8

Serous Pericardium

back 8

deep to the fibrous pericardium, a thin, slippery, two-layer serous membrane that forms a closed sac around the heart.

front 9

Parietal Layer

back 9

lines the internal surface off the fibrous pericardium and attaches to the large arteries exiting the heart.

front 10

Pericardial Cavity

back 10

cavity between the serous pericardium that’s filled with serous fluid

front 11

Epicardium

back 11

Visceral layer of the Serous Pericardium that lines the external heart surface, the first layer of the heart wall.

front 12

Myocardium

back 12

middle layer of heart wall, composed mainly of cardiac muscle, the layer that pumps

front 13

Cardiac Skeleton

back 13

connective tissue fibers that reinforce the myocardium internally and anchor the cardiac muscle fibers

front 14

Endocardium

back 14

inside layer of the heart wall, sheet of endothelium, lines the heart chambers and covers the fibrous skeleton of the valves

front 15

Left Atria

back 15

left superior chamber of the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

front 16

Right Atria

back 16

right superior chamber of the heart the receives oxygen-poor blood from the body

front 17

Left Ventricle

back 17

left inferior chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to the body

front 18

Right Ventricle

back 18

left inferior chamber of the heart that pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

front 19

Interatrial Septum

back 19

internal partition that divides the heart longitudinally

front 20

Interventricular Septum

back 20

internal partition that divides the ventricles

front 21

Coronary Sulcus

back 21

groove in the exterior heart that separates the atria from the ventricls

front 22

Anterior interventricular Sulcus

back 22

cradles the anterior interventricular artery and marks the anterior position of the septum separating the right and left ventricles

front 23

Posterior interventricular Sulcus

back 23

cradles the posterior interventricular artery and marks the posterior position of the septum separating the right and left ventricles

front 24

Auricles

back 24

wrinkled, protruding appendages which increase the atria volume

front 25

Pectinate Muscle

back 25

muscle bundles on anterior wall of the right ventricle that look like teeth on a comb, exist on the left atria only in the auricle.

front 26

Fossa Ovalis

back 26

a shallow depression that marks the spot where a small opening existed in the fetal heart

front 27

Super Vena Cava

back 27

vein returns blood from the body regions superior to the diaphragm into the right atrium

front 28

Inferior Vena Cava

back 28

vein returns blood from the body regions inferior to the diaphragm into the right atrium

front 29

Coronary Sinus

back 29

vein collects blood draining from the myocardium into the right atrium

front 30

Pulmonary Veins

back 30

four veins entering the left atrium transport blood back to the heart from the lungs, best seen on the posterior side

front 31

Trabeculae Carneae

back 31

irregular ridges of muscle mark the interior walls of the ventricles

front 32

Papillary Muscle

back 32

cone-like muscle bundles, which play a role in valve function, project into the ventricular cavity.

front 33

Pulmonary Trunk

back 33

routes blood pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs

front 34

Aorta

back 34

the largest artery in the body, routes blood pumped from the left ventricle to the body

front 35

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

back 35

prevents backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract

front 36

Tricuspid Valve

back 36

the right (AV) atrioventricular valve, has three flexible cusps (flaps of endocardium reinforced by connective tissue cores)

front 37

Mitral Valve

back 37

the left (AV) atrioventricular valve, has two flexible cusps (flaps of endocardium reinforced by connective tissue) resembles the two-sided bishop’s miter

front 38

Chordae Tendineae (heart strings)

back 38

tiny white collagen cords attach each AV valve, anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles. Serve as guide wire

front 39

Semilunar Valves

back 39

guards the bases of the large arteries from the ventricles, prevents backflow into the ventricles when the ventricles relaxes.

front 40

Aortic Semilunar Valve

back 40

valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

front 41

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

back 41

valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

front 42

Coronary Circulation

back 42

the functional heart supply of the heart, the shortest circulation of the body.

front 43

Left Coronary Artery

back 43

runs toward the left side of the heart and then divides into two major branches

front 44

Anterior Interventricular Artery

back 44

follows the anterior interventricular sulcus and supplies blood to the interventricular septum.

front 45

Circumflex Artery

back 45

supplies the left ventricle and the posterior walls of the left ventricle.

front 46

Right Coronary Artery

back 46

courses to the right side of the heart, where it also gives rise to two branches

front 47

Right Marginal Artery

back 47

serves the myocardium of the lateral side of the heart

front 48

Posterior interventricular Artery

back 48

runs to the heart apex and supplies the posterior ventricular walls

front 49

Cardiac Veins

back 49

any of the veins returning the blood from the tissues of the heart that open into the right atrium either directly or through the coronary sinus

front 50

Coronary Sinus

back 50

A venous sinus that opens into the right atrium of the heart and serves to drain the coronary veins.

front 51

Great Cardiac Vein

back 51

one of three large tributaries of the coronary sinus

front 52

Middle Cardiac Vein

back 52

one of three large tributaries of the coronary sinus

front 53

Small Cardiac Vein

back 53

one of three large tributaries of the coronary sinus

front 54

Anterior Cardiac Vein

back 54

empty directly into the right atrium.

front 55

Angina Infarction

back 55

a thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium

front 56

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

back 56

Commonly called a Heart Attack, caused by prolonged coronary blockage.

front 57

Cardiac Muscle Cells

back 57

short, fat, branched, interconnected, striated and contracts by sliding filament mechanism

front 58

Differences in Cardiac and skeletal contraction

back 58

Means of Stimulation – each skeletal muscle fibers must be stimulated to contract but some cardiac muscle cells are self-excitable
•Organ vs. Motor Unit Contraction – Only muscle fibers stimulated by nerve fibers contract. In cardiac muscle, either all fibers in the heart contract as a unit or the heart does not contract at all.
•Length of Absolute Refractory Period – in skeletal muscle contractions lasts 15-100ms with brief refractory period 1-2ms. In Cardiac muscle the refractory period lasts over 200ms nearly as long as the contraction

front 59

Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System

back 59

consists of non-contractile cardiac cells specialized to initiate and distribute impulses throughout the heart

front 60

Cardiac Pacemaker Cells

back 60

make up the intrinsic conduction system have an unstable resting system potential.

front 61

Pacemaker Potentials

back 61

the spontaneously changing membrane potentials

front 62

Atrioventicular (AV) Node

back 62

located in right atrial wall just inferior to the entrance of the superior vena cava, is a part of the electrical control system of the heart that coordinates the top of the heart. It electrically connects atrial and ventricular chambers, generates impulses and sets the pace of the heart as a whole. The Pacemaker

front 63

Sinus Rhythm

back 63

the rhythm set by the atrioventicular (AV) node that determines heart rate.

front 64

Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle

back 64

The bundle of His is a collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction that transmits the electrical impulses from the AV node (located between the atria and the ventricles) to the point of the apex of the fascicular branches

front 65

Right & Left Bundle Branches

back 65

The AV bundle persists only briefly before splitting into these two branches which course along the interventricular septum toward the apex

front 66

Subendocardial Conducting Network (Purkinje fibers) -

back 66

are located in the inner ventricular walls of the heart, just beneath the endocardium, completes the pathway through the inventricular septum, penetrate into the heart apex, and then turning superiorly into the ventricle wall.

front 67

Arrhythmias

back 67

irregular heart rhythms

front 68

Fibrillation

back 68

a condition of rapid and irregular heart contractions in which the control of heart rhythm is taken away from the SA node by rapid activity in other heart regions

front 69

Ectopic Focus

back 69

an abnormal pacemaker appears and takes over heart rate

front 70

Junctional Rhythm

back 70

describes an abnormal heart rhythm resulting from impulses coming from a locus of tissue in the area of the atrioventricular node, the "junction" between atria and ventricles.

front 71

Extrasystole

back 71

Ectopic heartbeats are small changes in an otherwise normal heartbeat that lead to extra or skipped heartbeats. They often occur without a clear cause and are most often harmless. The two most common types of ectopic heartbeats are:
•Premature ventricular contractions (PVC)
•Premature atrial contractions (PAC)

front 72

Heart Block

back 72

is a problem that occurs with the heart's electrical system. This system controls the rate and rhythm of heartbeats. Heart block occurs if the electrical signal is slowed or disrupted as it moves through the heart.

front 73

Cardioacceleratory Center

back 73

a group of neurons in the medulla from which cardiac sympathetic nerves arise; nerve impulses along these nerves release norepinephrine that increases the rate and force of the heartbeat

front 74

Cardioinhibitory Center

back 74

a group of neurons in the medulla from which arise parasympathetic fibers that reach the heart via the vagus (X) nerve; nerve impulses along these nerves release acetylcholine that decreases the rate & force of the heartbeat

front 75

Electrocardiography

back 75

a recording of the electrical changes accompanying the cardiac cycle that can be recorded on the body's surface; may be resting, stress, or ambulatory

front 76

QRS Complex

back 76

combination of three of the graphical deflections seen on a typical electrocardiogram (ECG). It is usually the central and most visually obvious part of the tracing. It corresponds to the depolarization of the right and left ventricles of the human heart. In adults, it normally lasts 0.06 - 0.10 s

front 77

T wave

back 77

represents the repolarization (or recovery) of the ventricles.

front 78

P wave

back 78

during normal atrial depolarization, the main electrical vector is directed from the SA node towards the AV node, and spreads from the right atrium to the left atrium.

front 79

P-R Interval

back 79

measured from the beginning of the P wave to the beginning of the QRS complex. It is usually 120 to 200 ms long. On the usual 25 mm/s ECG tracing, this corresponds to 3 to 5 small boxes. The PR interval reflects the time the electrical impulse takes to travel from the sinus node through the AV node where it enters the ventricles. The PR interval is therefore a good estimate of AV node function.

front 80

P-Q interval

back 80

the time between the beginning of atrial depolarisation and the beginning of ventricular depolarization.

front 81

S-T Segment

back 81

the time between the end of S-wave and the beginning of T-wave. Significantly elevated or depressed amplitudes away from the baseline are often associated with cardiac illness.

front 82

Q-T interval

back 82

the time between the onset of ventricular depolarisation and the end of ventricular repolarisation. Clinical studies have demonstrated that the QT-interval increases linearly as the RR-interval increases