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74 notecards = 19 pages (4 cards per page)

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Ch 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

front 1

1) Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.

back 1

FALSE

front 2

2) The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

back 2

FALSE

front 3

3) Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of body fluids.

back 3

TRUE

front 4

4) Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.

back 4

FALSE

front 5

5) The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.

back 5

TRUE

front 6

6) Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.

back 6

TRUE

front 7

7) It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.

back 7

FALSE

front 8

8) Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.

back 8

TRUE

front 9

9) Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, and urine only.

back 9

FALSE

front 10

10) Excessive loss of water from the extracellular fluid (ECF) leads to a rise in osmotic pressure in the ECF which causes cells to shrink as water leaves by osmosis.

back 10

TRUE

front 11

11) Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.

back 11

TRUE

front 12

12) Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems.

back 12

TRUE

front 13

13) When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal convoluted tubule.

back 13

TRUE

front 14

14) Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

back 14

TRUE

front 15

15) Some potassium ions are reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate via type A intercalated cells, a unique population of collecting duct cells.

back 15

TRUE

front 16

16) Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.

back 16

FALSE

front 17

17) To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.

back 17

TRUE

front 18

18) The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.

back 18

TRUE

front 19

19) Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention.

back 19

FALSE

front 20

20) Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.

back 20

TRUE

front 21

21) Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.

back 21

TRUE

front 22

22) Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany.

back 22

FALSE

front 23

23) The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.

back 23

FALSE

front 24

24) Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low.

back 24

FALSE

front 25

25) The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.

back 25

TRUE

front 26

26) Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism.

back 26

TRUE

front 27

27) Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they only partially dissociate.

back 27

TRUE

front 28

28) The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.

back 28

TRUE

front 29

29) The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.

back 29

TRUE

front 30

30) One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.

back 30

TRUE

front 31

31) As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.

back 31

TRUE

front 32

32) Carotid artery and aortic baroreceptors are involved in long term adjustment to total body sodium ion content.

back 32

TRUE

front 33

33) Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.

back 33

TRUE

front 34

34) Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.

back 34

TRUE

front 35

35) Thirst is always a reliable indicator of body water need.

back 35

FALSE

front 36

36) Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS.

back 36

TRUE

front 37

1) The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. A) a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water B) the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor C) the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion D) a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment

back 37

A

front 38

2) When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are low ________. A) nearly all of the filtered water is reabsorbed B) a small volume of concentrated urine is excreted C) most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed D) aquaporins are inserted into the principal cell apical membranes

back 38

C

front 39

3) Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? A) erythropoietin B) antidiuretic hormone C) renin D) aldosterone

back 39

D

front 40

4) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________. A) prevent pH changes caused by organic acids B) reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention C) enhance atrial contractions D) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism

back 40

B

front 41

5) Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. A) a runner has completed a very long marathon B) a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids C) the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions D) a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction

back 41

D

front 42

6) Which of the choices below is NOT an essential role of salts in the body? A) anabolism of lipids B) secretory activity C) neuromuscular activity D) membrane permeability

back 42

A

front 43

7) Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? A) glucocorticoids B) aldosterone C) water levels D) ADH

back 43

B

front 44

8) The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________. A) plasma B) cerebrospinal fluid C) interstitial fluid D) intracellular fluid

back 44

A

front 45

9) In a car accident, Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis. How will her body compensate for this imbalance? A) kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions B) kidneys retain bicarbonate ions C) kidneys retain hydrogen ions D) kidneys eliminate carbon dioxide

back 45

B

front 46

10) Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. A) potassium B) chloride C) bicarbonate D) iron

back 46

A

front 47

11) Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? A) little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids B) Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids C) equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids D) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids

back 47

D

front 48

12) For bulk flow across capillary walls, ________. A) hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial space returns fluid to the capillary B) fluid runs into lymphatic capillaries that empty into the interstitial space C) hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space D) osmotic pressure of plasma proteins pulls fluid from the capillary into the interstitial space

back 48

C

front 49

13) The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. A) potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid B) the pH of the intracellular fluid C) intracellular sodium levels D) the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells

back 49

A

front 50

14) The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. A) hemoglobin B) protein C) phosphate D) bicarbonate

back 50

D

front 51

15) A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. A) metabolic acidosis B) respiratory alkalosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) respiratory acidosis

back 51

D

front 52

16) The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. A) always involves filtration B) is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces C) requires active transport D) requires ATP for the transport to take place

back 52

B

front 53

17) What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? A) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C) thyroxine D) aldosterone

back 53

A

front 54

18) Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? A) chemical buffers B) renal mechanisms C) respiratory changes D) diet

back 54

D

front 55

19) Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer system? A) phosphate B) bicarbonate C) protein D) nucleic acid

back 55

D

front 56

20) Which of the following is NOT a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin? A) increased extracellular fluid water levels B) sympathetic stimulation C) decreased stretch of the granular cells of the afferent arterioles D) decreased filtrate NaCl concentration

back 56

A

front 57

21) Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? A) There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution. it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts. B) Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts. C) Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body. D) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.

back 57

D

front 58

22) Which of the following hormones functions to increase water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins into the principal cell apical membranes? A) aldosterone B) progesterone C) atrial natriuretic peptide D) antidiuretic hormone

back 58

D

front 59

23) The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________. A) control of the acids produced in the stomach B) the control of respiratory ventilation C) the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach D) the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells

back 59

B

front 60

24) Which of the following is NOT a disorder of water balance? A) hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high B) excessive hydration due to excess atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion C) edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure D) excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins

back 60

B

front 61

25) The regulation of sodium ________. A) involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration B) is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus C) is linked to blood pressure D) involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys

back 61

C

front 62

26) Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? A) metabolic acidosis B) respiratory alkalosis C) respiratory acidosis D) metabolic alkalosis

back 62

A

front 63

27) A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? A) metabolic acidosis B) respiratory acidosis C) metabolic alkalosis D) respiratory alkalosis

back 63

C

front 64

28) One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. A) becoming overly agitated B) a rise in plasma osmolality C) drinking caffeinated beverages D) a dry mouth from high temperatures

back 64

B

front 65

29) Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted French fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? A) There will be a temporary increase in blood volume. B) There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale. C) It will cause a prolonged increase in the osmolality of the blood. D) She will experience hypotension.

back 65

A

front 66

30) The most important force causing net outward water flow across capillary walls is ________. A) intracellular hydrostatic pressure B) hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood C) hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid D) osmotic pressure of plasma proteins

back 66

B

front 67

31) After completing a marathon on a particularly warm day, Dave consumes four liters of water. Soon after, he begins to feel nauseous and starts vomiting. What is likely happening to Dave? A) hypoproteinemia- unusually low levels of plasma proteins B) obligatory water loss C) dehydration D) hyponatremia- very low extracellular sodium ion concentration

back 67

D

front 68

32) Mary finds that she regularly retains water at a certain point in the menstrual cycle. Which of the following is chemically similar to aldosterone, and like aldosterone, enhances NaCl reabsorption in the renal tubules? A) follicle-stimulating hormone B) luteinizing hormone C) progesterone D) estrogen

back 68

D

front 69

33) Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent? A) respiratory acidosis B) metabolic acidosis C) respiratory alkalosis D) metabolic alkalosis

back 69

C

front 70

34) If the thyroid and parathyroid glands are surgically removed, which of the following would go out of balance without replacement therapy? A) anion levels B) sodium ion levels C) calcium ion levels D) potassium ion levels

back 70

C

front 71

35) Insufficient parathyroid hormone production in the body could result in ________. A) muscle weakness B) muscle twitching C) kidney stones D) cardiac arrhythmia

back 71

B

front 72

36) Molecules that can act reversibly as acids or bases depending upon the pH of their environment are called ________. A) amphoteric B) metabolic C) compensatory D) volatile

back 72

A

front 73

37) Falling arterial blood pressure promotes ________. A) enhanced sodium ion loss in urine B) vasodilation C) enhanced water loss in urine D) vasoconstriction

back 73

D

front 74

38) An illness causes Doug to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions. How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated? A) increased respiratory rate and depth B) increased renin secretion C) hypoventilation D) enhanced sodium ion loss in urine

back 74

A