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Biology 1 for exam 3

front 1

Character

back 1

Heritable feature that varies amongst individuals

front 2

True-breeding

back 2

Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate

front 3

What do we mean when we use the terms monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross?

  • A) A monohybrid cross involves a single parent, whereas a dihybrid cross involves two parents.
  • B) A dihybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for two characters that are being studied, and a monohybrid cross involves organisms that are heterozygous for only one character being studied.
  • C) A monohybrid cross is performed for one generation, whereas a dihybrid cross is performed for two generations.
  • D) A monohybrid cross results in a 9:3:3:1 ratio whereas a dihybrid cross gives a 3:1 ratio.

back 3

B

front 4

What was the most significant conclusion that Gregor Mendel drew from his experiments with pea plants?

  • A) There is considerable genetic variation in garden peas.
  • B) Traits are inherited in discrete units and are not the results of "blending."
  • C) Recessive genes occur more frequently in the F1 generation than do dominant ones.
  • D) Genes are composed of DNA.

back 4

B

front 5

3) How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE?

  • A) 4
  • B) 8
  • C) 16
  • D) 64

back 5

B

front 6

4) The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make many kinds of gametes. Which of the following is the major reason?

  • A) recurrent mutations forming new alleles
  • B) crossing over during prophase I
  • C) different possible assortment of chromosomes into gametes
  • D) the tendency for dominant alleles to segregate together

back 6

C

front 7

5) Mendel continued some of his experiments into the F2 or F3 generation to _____.

  • A) obtain a larger number of offspring on which to base statistics
  • B) observe whether or not a recessive trait would reappear
  • C) observe whether or not the dominant trait would reappear
  • D) distinguish which alleles were segregating

back 7

B

front 8

6) Which of the following statements about independent assortment and segregation is correct?

  • A) Hh
  • B) HhTt
  • C) T
  • D) HT

back 8

D

front 9

8) Mendel accounted for the observation that traits that had disappeared in the F1 generation reappeared in the F2 generation by proposing that _____.

  • A) new mutations were frequently generated in the F2 progeny, "reinventing" traits that had been lost in the F1
  • B) the mechanism controlling the appearance of traits was different between the F1 and the F2 plants
  • C) traits can be dominant or recessive, and the recessive traits were obscured by the dominant ones in the F1
  • D) members of the F1 generation had only one allele for each trait, but members of the F2 had two alleles for each trait

back 9

C

front 10

Hybridization

back 10

Mating 2 true breeding varieties

front 11

9) The fact that all seven of the pea plant traits studied by Mendel obeyed the principle of independent assortment most probably indicates which of the following?

  • A) None of the traits obeyed the law of segregation.
  • B) The diploid number of chromosomes in the pea plants was 7.
  • C) All of the genes controlling the traits were located on the same chromosome.
  • D) All of the genes controlling the traits behaved as if they were on different chromosomes.

back 11

D

front 12

Independent Assortment

back 12

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of any other pair of alleles.

Only applies to genes on different, non homologous chromosomes or those far apart on the same chromosome.

front 13

Allele

back 13

alternate versions of a gene

front 14

homozygote

back 14

An organism with two identical alleles for a character

front 15

Homozygous

back 15

refers to a particular gene that has identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes.

It is referred to by two capital letters (XX) for a dominant trait, and two lowercase letters (xx) for a recessive trait.

front 16

Homologous Chromosome

back 16

chromosome pairs (one from each parent) that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location.

The position of the genes on each ________ is the same. However, the genes may contain different alleles.

front 17

Heterozygote

back 17

An organism with two different alleles for a gene

Non true-breeding

front 18

Phenotype

back 18

physical appearance

front 19

Genotype

back 19

genetic makeup

front 20

Testcross

back 20

Breeding the mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual

If any offspring display the recessive phenotype, the mystery parent must be heterozygous

front 21

Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division?

  • A) prophase I of meiosis
  • B) anaphase II of meiosis
  • C) metaphase II of meiosisD) anaphase I of meiosis

back 21

no data

front 22

Linked Genes

back 22

Genes that are inherited together because they're located near each other on the same chromosome.

front 23

Parental type

back 23

Offspring with a phenotype matching one of the parental phenotypes

front 24

Recombinant type

back 24

Offspring with non parental phenotypes (new combination of traits)

front 25

Nonsidjunction

back 25

Pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis, resulting one gamete receiving two of the same type of chromosome and the other gamete receives no copy

front 26

Aneuploidy

back 26

result form the fertilization of gametes I which nondisjunction occurred. Offspring with this condition have an abnormal number of a particular chromosome.

front 27

Monosomic zygote

back 27

has only copy of a particular chromosome

front 28

trisomie zyogte

back 28

Has three copies of a particular chromosome.

front 29

4 types of changes in chromosome structure

back 29

  • Deletion
  • Duplication
  • Inversion
  • Translocation

front 30

Gene expression

back 30

The process by which DNA directs protein synthesis and includes translations and transcription

front 31

Ribosomes

back 31

Catalytic RNA Molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA

front 32

Histone Actylation

back 32

How something is expressed. Acetyl group attached to an animo acid in a histone tail.