front 1 The brain and spinal cord develop from the ______ neural tube. a) mesodermal b) endodermal c) ectodermal d) cranial e) cauda | back 1 c) ectodermal |
front 2 This brain vesicle gives rise to the midbrain and cerebral aqueduct. a) Prosencephalon b) Mesencephalon c) Rhombencephalon d) Telencephalon e) Myelencephalon | back 2 b) Mesencephalon |
front 3 Which of the following is NOT a major region of the brain? a) Brain stem b) Cerebellum c) Cauda equina d) Diencephalon e) Cerebrum | back 3 c) Cauda equina |
front 4 Which of the following brain structures consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain? a) Brain stem b) Cerebrum c) Cerebellum d) Diencephalon e) Dura mate | back 4 a) Brain stem |
front 5 Which of the following brain structures consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus? a) Cerebellum b) Brain stem c) Cerebrum d) Diencephalon e) Dura mater | back 5 d) Diencephalon |
front 6 Which of the following meninges has two layers? a) Spinal dura mater b) Cranial dura mater c) Spinal arachnoid mater d) Cranial arachnoid mater e) All of these choices | back 6 b) Cranial dura mater |
front 7 This extension of the dura mater separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum. a) Falx cerebri b) Falx cerebelli c) Tentorium cerebelli d) Tentorium cerebri e) None of these choices | back 7 a) Falx cerebri |
front 8 The adult brain represents only ____ of the total body weight. a) 2% b) 5% c) 10% d) 12% e) 20% | back 8 a) 2% |
front 9 This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue. a) Dura mater b) Arachnoid mater c) Cerebrospinal fluid d) Blood brain barrier e) All of these choices | back 9 d) Blood brain barrier |
front 10 Cerebrospinal fluid carries small amounts of chemicals like glucose from the ______ to neurons and neuroglia. a) interstitial fluid b) bile c) intracellular fluid d) arachnoid space e) blood | back 10 e) blood |
front 11 Which of the following is a fluid-filled cavity located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum? a) Lateral ventricle b) Septum pellucidum c) Fourth ventricle d) Third ventricle e) Corpus callosum | back 11 a) Lateral ventricle |
front 12 This is a narrow fluid-filled cavity found along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus. a) Lateral ventricle b) Septum pellucidum c) Third ventricle d) Fourth ventricle e) Fifth ventricle | back 12 c) Third ventricle |
front 13 Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed through these fingerlike projections found in the dural venous sinuses. a) Choroid plexuses b) Microvilli c) Arachnoid villi d) Dural villi e) Lemnisci | back 13 c) Arachnoid villi |
front 14 This is a netlike region of white and gray matter that extends throughout the brainstem and functions to help maintain consciousness. a) Cuneate nucleus b) Gracile nucleus c) Medial lemniscus d) Reticular formation e) Decussation of pyramids | back 14 d) Reticular formation |
front 15 This structure in the brain contains centers responsible for the “startle reflex” in response to loud sounds. a) Superior colliculus b) Inferior colliculus c) Pontine nucleus d) Medial lemniscus e) Arbor vitae | back 15 b) Inferior colliculus |
front 16 This region of the brain contains pneumotaxic and apneustic areas that help control respiration. a) Spinal cord b) Midbrain c) Pons d) Thalamus e) Cerebellum | back 16 c) Pons |
front 17 Pyramids are a) gray matter protrusions found on the medulla oblongata. b) white matter protrusions found on the medulla oblongata. c) gray matter protrusions found on the pons. d) white matter protrusions found on the pons. e) a network of white and gray matter found in the medulla oblongata. | back 17 b) white matter protrusions found on the medulla oblongata. |
front 18 Medullary nuclei are 1. masses of gray matter in the medulla oblongata. 2. masses of white matter in the medulla oblongata. 3. decussations of the pyramids. a) 1 only. b) 2 only. c) 3 only. d) Both 1 and 2. | back 18 a) 1 only. |
front 19 Which of the following regions of the brain contains the inferior olivary nucleus? a) Pons b) Medulla oblongata c) Pyramids d) Hypothalamus | back 19 b) Medulla oblongata |
front 20 Which of the following nuclei are found in the pons? a) Pontine nuclei b) Apneustic area c) Pneumotaxic area d) All of these choices | back 20 d) All of these choices |
front 21 Which of the following is a nucleus found in the medulla oblongata that receives sensory information associated with touch, pressure and vibration? a) Tectum b) Superior colliculus c) Substantia nigra d) Pontine nucleus e) Gracile nucleus | back 21 e) Gracile nucleus |
front 22 Which of the following is a nucleus found in the midbrain that releases dopamine? a) Substantia nigra b) Inferior olivary nucleus c) Inferior colliculus d) Cerebral peduncle e) Apneustic area | back 22 a) Substantia nigra |
front 23 The cerebellar cortex consists of folia, which are a) parallel folds of white matter. b) found in the vermis only. c) portions of the pyramids. d) parallel folds of gray matter. e) used in the RAS system | back 23 d) parallel folds of gray matter. |
front 24 his structure carries sensory information coming from proprioceptors found in the trunk and limbs into the cerebellum. a) Inferior cerebellar peduncle b) Middle cerebellar peduncle c) Superior cerebellar peduncle d) Anterior lobe e) Posterior lobe | back 24 a) Inferior cerebellar peduncle |
front 25 Which of the following is NOT a nucleus found in the thalamus? a) Anterior nucleus b) Medial nucleus c) Red nucleus d) Reticular nucleus e) Lateral geniculate nucleus | back 25 c) Red nucleus |
front 26 Which of the following are NOT controlled by the hypothalamus? a) Hunger b) Thirst c) Blood calcium concentration d) Emotional behavior e) Body temperature | back 26 c) Blood calcium concentration |
front 27 Which of the following regions of the brain contain the pineal gland? a) Thalamus b) Cerebellum c) Hypothalamus d) Cerebrum e) Epithalalmus | back 27 e) Epithalalmus |
front 28 Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum? a) Association tracts b) Corpus callosum c) Projection tracts d) Pyramids | back 28 b) Corpus callosum |
front 29 Together the lentiform and caudate nuclei are known as the a) globus pallidus. b) putamen. c) medial geniculate nucleus. d) corpus striatum. e) internal capsule. | back 29 d) corpus striatum. |
front 30 Which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for conscious movements of the body? a) Broca’s area b) Primary visual area c) Somatosensory association area d) Primary motor area e) Primary somatosensory area | back 30 d) Primary motor area |
front 31 Which of the following functional areas of the cerebrum is responsible for speech? a) Broca’s area b) Primary gustatory area c) Common integrative area d) Prefrontal cortex area e) Primary somatosensory area | back 31 a) Broca’s area |
front 32 Which of the following cranial nerves control movements of the eyeball? a) II, III and IV b) I, V and X c) III, IX and V d) III, IV and VI e) X, XI and XII | back 32 d) III, IV and VI |
front 33 Cranial nerve V is also known as the _______________nerve. a) trochlear b) oculomotor c) trigeminal d) vagus | back 33 c) trigeminal |
front 34 Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for regulating visceral activity? a) Oculomotor b) Trigeminal c) Spinal accessory d) Facial e) Vagus | back 34 e) Vagus |
front 35 Hand preference when writing or throwing is an example of a) cranial nerve damage. b) hemispheric lateralization c) damage to the olfactory nerve. | back 35 b) hemispheric lateralization |
front 36 An electroencephalogram (EEG) measures brain waves primarily generated by a) neurons in the pons. b) neurons in the medulla oblongata. c) neurons in the thalamus. d) neurons in the cerebral cortex. e) neurons in the cerebellum | back 36 d) neurons in the cerebral cortex. |
front 37 Blood flows to the brain through the ________ arteries and away from the brain through the _______ vein. a) internal carotid and vertebral; internal jugular b) external carotid and vertebral; external jugular c) internal jugular and vertebral; internal carotid d) internal carotid and axillary; internal jugular | back 37 a) internal carotid and vertebral; internal jugular |
front 38 Which of the following statements best describes the structure of the blood-brain barrier that provides its functional characteristics? a) Processes of astrocytes wrap tightly around capillaries in the brain. b) Tight junctions tightly seal endothelial cells of capillaries in the brain. c) Gap junctions tightly seal endothelial cells of capillaries in the brain. d) Spot desmosomes tightly link capillary endothelial cells together. | back 38 b) Tight junctions tightly seal endothelial cells of capillaries in the brain. |
front 39 The central sulcus of the cerebrum separates the a) two cerebral hemispheres. b) frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. c) frontal lobe from the temporal lobe. d) parietal lobe from the temporal lobe. | back 39 b) frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. |
front 40 Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere? a) Association tracts b) Commissural tracts c) Projection tracts d) Mammillothalamic tracts e) Stria medullaris | back 40 a) Association tracts |
front 41 These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements. a) red nuclei b) vestibular nuclei c) lateral olivary nuclei d) basal nuclei | back 41 d) basal nuclei |
front 42 Which of the following descriptions of a preganglionic neuron is NOT correct? a) Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve. b) Has myelinated axons. c) Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway. d) Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord. e) Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia. | back 42 e) Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia. |
front 43 A postganglionic neuron in the ANS a) releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell. b) is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway. c) has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord. d) has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves. e) carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia | back 43 a) releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell. |
front 44 Which of the following types of neurons would normally have the shortest axon? a) Somatic motor neurons b) Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons c) Postganglionic sympathetic neurons d) Preganglionic sympathetic neurons e) Somatosensory neurons | back 44 d) Preganglionic sympathetic neurons |
front 45 Which of the following is NOT a parasympathetic terminal ganglion? a) Ciliary ganglion b) Pterygopalatine ganglion c) Submandibular ganglion d) Otic ganglion e) All are parasympathetic terminal ganglia | back 45 e) All are parasympathetic terminal ganglia |
front 46 The largest autonomic plexus is called the a) superior mesenteric plexus. b) renal plexus. c) cardiac plexus. d) celiac plexus. e) hypogastric plexus. | back 46 d) celiac plexus. |
front 47 The two main neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system are a) nicotine and adrenaline. b) muscarine and acetylcholine. c) norepinephrine and muscarine. d) norepinephrine and acetylcholine. | back 47 d) norepinephrine and acetylcholine. |
front 48 Acetylcholine is released by _____________postganglionic neurons and is removed from the synaptic cleft at a ______ rate than norepinephrine. a) sympathetic; slower b) sympathetic; faster c) parasympathetic; slower d) parasympathetic; faster e) both parasympathetic and sympathetic; slower | back 48 d) parasympathetic; faster |
front 49 Which of the three spinal meninges is the most superficial? a) Arachnoid mater b) Dura mater c) Meninx mater d) Pia mater e) Epi mater | back 49 b) Dura mater |
front 50 Denticulate ligaments are thickenings of a) arachnoid mater. b) pia mater. c) dura mater. d) interstitial fluid. e) subdural space | back 50 b) pia mater. |
front 51 Which of the following structures contains only sensory axons that conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the skin, muscles and internal organs to the CNS? a) Spinal nerves b) Cauda equina c) Anterior root of spinal nerves d) Posterior root of spinal nerves e) Conus medullaris | back 51 d) Posterior root of spinal nerves |
front 52 Which layer of protective connective tissue is the outermost covering surrounding a spinal nerve? a) dura mater b) pia mater c) endoneurium d) perineurium e) epineurium | back 52 e) epineurium |
front 53 What types of axons are wrapped in a protective endoneurium? 1. Myelinated 2. Unmyelinated 3. Only dendrites are surrounded by endoneurium a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) Both 1 and 2 | back 53 d) Both 1 and 2 |
front 54 Spinal nerves: 1. Are parts of PNS. 2. connect the CNS to sensors and effectors in all parts of the body. 3. are named according to the region of the cord from which they emerge. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) both 1 & 3 e) 1, 2 & 3 | back 54 e) 1, 2 & 3 |
front 55 Intercostal nerves: a) are also known as cervical nerves. b) do not enter into a plexus and directly connect to the structures they supply. c) are found in the C6-T4 area of the vertebral column. d) extend through the sacrum. e) do not exist in humans | back 55 b) do not enter into a plexus and directly connect to the structures they supply. |
front 56 Which region of the spinal cord carries nerve impulses for proprioception? a) Posterior white column b) Anterior gray horn c) Anterior white column d) Lateral white column e) Dermatome tract | back 56 a) Posterior white column |
front 57 This type of descending motor pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. a) Indirect pathway b) Direct pathway c) Reflex arc d) Somatic arc e) Muscle spindle | back 57 b) Direct pathway |
front 58 This type of descending motor pathway originates in the brainstem and governs automatic movements that help regulate muscle tone, posture and balance. a) Indirect pathway b) Direct pathway c) Reflex arc d) Somatic arc e) Muscle spindles | back 58 a) Indirect pathway |
front 59 A nerve impulse initiated at a muscle spindle has to travel through which of the following structures to get into the spinal column? a) Anterior root of spinal nerve b) Posterior root of spinal nerve c) Tectospinal tract d) Central canal e) Lateral reticulospinal tract | back 59 b) Posterior root of spinal nerve |
front 60 A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the spinal cord? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5 | back 60 b) 2 |
front 61 This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk. a) Meningeal branch b) Rami communicantes c) Brachial plexus d) Posterior ramus e) Anterior ramus | back 61 d) Posterior ramus |
front 62 The thoracic nerves are also called the a) brachial nerves. b) lumbar nerves. c) sacral nerves. d) cervical nerves. e) intercostals nerves. | back 62 e) intercostals nerves. |
front 63 Which of the following lists the connective tissue coverings of the axons, fascicles, and entire nerve in the correct order? a) endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium b) endoneurium, epineurium, perineurium c) perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium d) epineurium, endoneurium, perineurium | back 63 a) endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium |
front 64 Which of the following are divisions of the peripheral nervous system? a) Somatic nervous system b) Autonomic nervous system c) Enteric nervous system d) All of these choices | back 64 d) All of these choices |
front 65 The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into a) somatic and sympathetic divisions. b) somatic and parasympathetic divisions. c) enteric and somatic divisions. d) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. e) voluntary and involuntary divisions | back 65 d) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. |
front 66 Which of following organelles is a common site of protein synthesis in neurons? a) mitochondria b) nucleus c) Nissl body d) Golgi apparatus e) nucleolus | back 66 c) Nissl body |
front 67 With respect to neurons, the term “nerve fiber” refers to a) an axon. b) a dendrite c) a Nissl body. d) both axons and dendrites. e) all of these choice | back 67 d) both axons and dendrites. |
front 68 This type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon emerging from the cell body. a) Multipolar neuron b) Bipolar neuron c) Unipolar neuron d) Purkinje cell e) Renshaw cel | back 68 b) Bipolar neuron |
front 69 This type of nervous tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells. a) Gray matter b) White matter c) Nissl bodies d) Ganglia e) Nuclei | back 69 a) Gray matter |
front 70 Which of the following types of neurons is the most common type of neuron found in the brain and spinal cord? a) bipolar neuron b) multipolar neuron c) unipolar neuron d) nonpolar neuron e) pseudounipolar | back 70 b) multipolar neuron |
front 71 Which of the following types of neurons have one axon and one dendrite emerging from the cell body and are found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and olfactory region of the brain? a) bipolar neuron b) multipolar neuron c) unipolar neuron d) nonpolar neuron e) pseudounipolar | back 71 a) bipolar neuron |
front 72 Which of the following types of neurons is exclusively found in the cerebellum? a) bipolar neuron b) multipolar neuron c) Purkinje cells d) unipolar neuron e) pyramidal cells | back 72 c) Purkinje cells |
front 73 Olfactory receptors are found a) throughout the nasal cavity. b) only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity. c) only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity. d) from the vestibule to the pharynx. e) only in the mid-nasal ridges. | back 73 b) only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity. |
front 74 The smell receptors that actually bind the odorants and begin signal transduction are located on a) olfactory hairs. b) glial cells. c) basal stem cells. d) Bowman’s glands. e) gustatory receptor cells. | back 74 a) olfactory hairs. |
front 75 Taste buds are found on a) the epiglottis. b) the pharynx. c) the soft palate. d) both epiglottis and pharynx. e) All of these choice | back 75 e) All of these choice |