front 1 Exocrine Glands | back 1 produce non-hormonal substances, such as sweat and saliva and have ducts that carry these substances to a membrane surface |
front 2 Endocrine Glands | back 2 DUCTLESS glands: they produce hormones and lack ducts. secretes hormones into blood via extracellular fluid |
front 3 What are the 2 types of hormones? | back 3 Amino Acid Based Steroid |
front 4 What are amino acid based hormones? | back 4 these are the MAJORITY: water soluble peptide (hydrophilic polar) |
front 5 what are steroid hormones? | back 5 made from cholesterol; lipid soluble (hydrophobic, non polar) |
front 6 What are the 3 types of stimuli that cause hormone release? | back 6 Humoral Stimuli Neural Stimuli Hormonal Stimuli |
front 7 What are humoral stimuli? | back 7 Secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients |
front 8 What are neutral stimuli? | back 8 Nerve fibers stimulate glands |
front 9 What are Hormonal stimuli? | back 9 release their hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine glands |
front 10 What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland? | back 10 Anterior and Posterior |
front 11 Anterior Pitituary | back 11 directly connected to hypothalamus by infundibulum hypophyseal protein veins |
front 12 What are the hormones involved with the anterior pituitary? | back 12 Growth Hormone (GH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Prolactin Hormone (PRL) |
front 13 Growth Hormone (GH) | back 13 Stimulates bone and muscle growth; stimulated by GHRH |
front 14 Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | back 14 Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) (T4 is more common) Iodine is needed for this |
front 15 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) | back 15 Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids and androgens |
front 16 Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | back 16 Stimulates ovarian follicles and sperm production |
front 17 Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | back 17 Stimulates release of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone |
front 18 Prolactin (PRL) | back 18 stimulates lactation |
front 19 Posterior Pituitary | back 19 Hormones produced by hypothalamus are transferred to posterior pituitary by hypophyseal tract |
front 20 What are the posterior pituitary hormones? | back 20 Oxytocin and Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
front 21 Oxytocin | back 21 stimulates uterine contractions; initiates labor POSITIVE FEEDBACK |
front 22 Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | back 22 stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water (causes decreased uterine output) vasopressin |
front 23 Gonadotropins | back 23 FSH and LH; they regulate the function of gonads |
front 24 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) | back 24 produced by the hypothalamus prompts gonadotropin release |
front 25 Thyroid Hormones | back 25 location: on the trachea the body's major metabolic hormone T3 and T4 regulate iodine production |
front 26 Parathyroid Glands | back 26 produce parathyroid hormone primary regulators of blood calcium levels enhances reabsorption of CA+ by the kidneys |
front 27 Adrenal Glands | back 27 location: perched on top of the kidneys produce hormones involved in electrolyte balance and the stress response |
front 28 Adrenal Cortex | back 28 -synthesizes steroid hormones called corticosteroids -Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism; helps body resist stress -Mineralcorticoids: regulate electrolytes; Stimulates Na+ reabsorption and causes K+ secretion |
front 29 Pineal Gland | back 29 location: brain;3rd ventricle of the diencephalon secretes melatonin which is involved in the sleep cycle; moods |
front 30 Pancreas | back 30 location: along the duodenum, behind the stomach -Hormones produced in Islets of Langerhans (aka Pancreatic Islets) Contain alpha and beta cells |
front 31 Alpha Cells ( α-cells) | back 31 Glucagon arises from α-cells (increase blood glucose cells) |
front 32 Beta Cells (β cells) | back 32 Insulin arises from beta cells (lowers blood glucose levels) |
front 33 Gonads | back 33 produce steroid sex hormones |
front 34 Ovaries (Female Gonads) | back 34 Estrogen (E2): production and preparation of ova/eggs Progesterone (P4): involved in the menstrual cycle+pregnancy |
front 35 Testes (Male gonads) | back 35 Testosterone: production of sperm |
front 36 What are the 3 functions of blood? | back 36 Transport, Regulation and Protection |
front 37 Transport | back 37 Deliver O2 to the body, get rid of metabolic waste from cells, transport hormones |
front 38 Regulation | back 38 Maintaining appropriate body temperature, maintain normal pH in body tissues, maintaining adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system |
front 39 Protection | back 39 Preventing blood loss, preventing infection |
front 40 Blood is | back 40 the only fluid connective tissue |
front 41 Hematocrit | back 41 clinical measures of the amt of RBC's & can therefore be used to indicate perfusion capacity & estimate the viscosity of blood |
front 42 Blood accounts for approx. how much of the body weight? | back 42 8% |
front 43 What are formed elements? | back 43 Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets |
front 44 Buffy Coat | back 44 a thin, whitish layers separating erythrocytes and plasma after being spun in a centrifuge. contains leukocytes and platelets - <1 % of whole blood |
front 45 Plasma | back 45 It is mostly water (90%) plasma contains nutrients, hormones, gases, electrolytes, wastes and proteins -Albumin: accounts for 60% of plasma proteins; acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through circulation, is an important blood buffer and is the major blood protein circulating to the plasma osmotic pressure - 55% of whole blood |
front 46 Erythrocytes | back 46 Red Blood Cells do not contain nucleus only transport oxygen -hemoglobin erythropoiesis |
front 47 Hemapoesis/Hematopoesis | back 47 All formed elements arise from stem cell hematocyst hematopoiesis occurs in the blood marrow |
front 48 Myeloid stem cell | back 48 erythrocyte production (erythropoiesis) begins with the hematopoietic stem cell descendant called myeloid stem cell |
front 49 Erythropoetin (EPO) | back 49 a glycoprotein stimulates the formation of erythrocytes triggers: reduced number of RBC's due to hemorrhage or excessive RBC destruction insufficient hemoglobin per RBC (as in iron deficient) reduced availability of oxygen |
front 50 Leukocytes | back 50 White Blood Cells on average there are 4800-10800 WBC's/ul of blood crucial to our defense against disease |
front 51 There are 2 kinds of leukocyte groups | back 51 Granulocytes and Agranulocytes |
front 52 What are the Granulocytes? | back 52 Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils (BEN) |
front 53 Basophils | back 53 rarest WBC release histamine (vasodilator) ; contain heparin (an anticoagulant) increase with chicken pox, sinusitis, diabetes appearance: bilobed nucleus, large black/purplish cytoplasmic granules |
front 54 Eosinophil | back 54 increase with parasitic infections , destroy large parasites, phagocytize antigen AB complexes, complex role in allergies and asthma appearance: bilobed uncles with red cytoplasmic granules |
front 55 Neutrophils | back 55 the most numerous wbc; twice as large as erythrocytes; the most variation aggressively antibacterial; phagocytize bacteria appearance: multilobed nucleus; inconspicuous cytoplasmic granules |
front 56 What are the Agranulocytes | back 56 Lymphocytes and Monocytes |
front 57 Lymphocytes | back 57 T Lymphocytes: function in the immune response by acting directing against virus infected and tumor cells B Lymphocytes: give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies -mount immune resins by direct cell attack or via antibodies appearance: nucleus takes up most of the cell |
front 58 Monocyte | back 58 the largest leukocyte triggered by viral infections &inflammation; leave our bloodstream and transform into macrophages; phagocytize pathogens appearance: u or kidney shaped nucleus |
front 59 All blood cells arise from which type of stem cell? | back 59 The PPSC (pluripotent stem cell) |
front 60 Life Spans | back 60 Granulocytes: a few hours to 5 days Monocytes: months to several years Lymphocytes: provide decades of immunity Platelets: circulate freely for 5-6 days and 40% are stored in the spleen |
front 61 Megakaryocytes | back 61 platelets are cell fragments of megakaryocytes produced by shearing of proplatelets live in bone marrow, adjacent to blood sinusoids send long tendrils of cytoplasm (pro platelets) into blood sinusoids |
front 62 Normal platelet count | back 62 130,000-400,000 platelets/ uL |
front 63 Hemostasis | back 63 cessation of bleeding; stops potentially fatal leaks |
front 64 what are the 3 hemostatic mechanisms (all involve platelets) | back 64 1) Vascular Spasm (vasoconstriction) 2)Platelet Plug Formation 3)Blood Clotting (coagulation) |
front 65 Vascular Spasm | back 65 -MOST immediate protection vs blood loss -platelets release serotonin (a vasocontrictor) -pain receptors directly innervate blood vessels to induce constriction EFFECT: broken vessels rapidly constricts |
front 66 Platelet Plug Formation | back 66 - in uninjured, intact vessels endothelium is smooth, coated w/ prostacyclin (platelet repellant) -in broken/injured vessels collagen fibers exposed=rough surface & circulating platelets make contact---->grow pseudopods (stick to damaged cell walls, pull them together) 1.Seratonin- vasoconstriction 2.ADP- attracts & degranulates more platelets 3.Thromboxane- A2; aggregation, degranulation, and vasoconstriction |
front 67 Coagulation | back 67 Thrombus is a normal clot final most effective defense vs bleeding conversion of plasma protein fibrinogen-->insoluble fibrin threads-->form framework a clot procoagulants-->clotting factors produced by liver& present in plasma Activate 1 factor--> activate next one--> form reaction cascade |
front 68 This cascade is activated by these two pathways | back 68 1.Extrinsic Factor: initiated by factors released from damaged tissues 2.Intrinsic Factor: initiated by factors IN blood |
front 69 Platelet Functions | back 69 -Secrete vasoconstrictors-->reduce blood loss -Secrete procoagulants -Initiate formation of clot-dissolving enzyme -Secrete growth factors-->stimulate mitosis--> repair blood vessels |
front 70 Fibrinogen-->Fibrin-->Fibrin Polymer | back 70 FYI: fibrinogen is made in the liver; always in plasma |
front 71 Completion of Coagulation | back 71 -Activation of Factor X leads to production of prothrombin activator -Prothrombin Activator converts prothrombin to thrombin -Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin monomers which covalently bind to form fibrin polymer factor XII cross links fibrin polymer strands -Positive Feedback thrombin speeds up formation of prothrombin activator |
front 72 Clotting Disorder | back 72 -lack of clotting |
front 73 Hemophilia | back 73 hereditary disease chara. by deficiencies of several different types |
front 74 Clotting Disorder | back 74 abnormal clotting |
front 75 Thrombosis | back 75 abnormal//disordered clotting in an unbroken vessel, occurs most frequently in inactive people |
front 76 Embolus | back 76 clot that travels in blood and blocks vessels |
front 77 To prevent initial formation of clots | back 77 -natural anti-coagulants: antithrombin or heparin -prescription anti-coagulants: vitamin K |
front 78 To dissolve clots that have already formed | back 78 -tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) specific in stroke patients -Streptokinase enzyme; used to dissolve clots in coronary vessels but not specific- digests all proteins -hementin: produced by giant amazon leeches |
front 79 Fibronolysis | back 79 dissolution of a clot |
front 80 How to prevent inappropriate clotting | back 80 Platelet Repulsion, Thrombin Dilution, Natural Coagulants |
front 81 1)Platelet Repulsion | back 81 prostacyclin- prevents platelets from adhering (sticking) |
front 82 2)Thrombin Dilution | back 82 as blood flows, volume & rate of flow change thrombin concentration FYI: during shock, slow <3 rate--> decreases flow-->possible clot formation |
front 83 3)Natural Anti-Coagulants | back 83 Heparin: secreted by basophils &mast cells, interfered with formation of prothrombin activator Antithrombin: from liver; deactivates thrombin before it acts on fibrinogen |
front 84 RH factors in pregnant women | back 84 say a pregnant rH - women is carrying a rH+ baby. the first pregnancy results in a healthy baby, but because of the bleeding during the placenta detachment, the mother may become sensitized by her baby rH+ antigens that pass into her bloodstream |
front 85 RhoGAM | back 85 a serum containing anti-Rh antibodies. by agglutinating the Rh factor, it blocks the mother's immune response and prevents her sensitization |
front 86 Erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn) | back 86 if the mother is not treated after her first pregnancy, and becomes pregnant again with an Rh+ baby, her antibodies will cross through the baby's placenta and destroy the baby's RBC producing erythroblastosis fetalis baby becomes anemic and hypoxic |
front 87 Agglutinogens | back 87 RBC antigens that produce agglutination |
front 88 agglutinins | back 88 preformed antibodies//plasma proteins |
front 89 ABO blood groups | back 89 based on presence or absence of 2 agglutinogens, type A or type B |
front 90 What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine? | back 90 an endocrine gland secretes its products and hormones into the blood and the exocrine glands secrete its products and enzymes into ducts that lead to the target tissue. |
front 91 What is the hormone that controls hunger? | back 91 Ghrelin ( my stomach is ghrelin) |