front 1 Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit? A) DNA B) Cell C) Organelle D) Protein | back 1 no data |
front 2 The Paramecium is a multicellular microorganism covered with hairlike cilia. A) True B) False | back 2 no data |
front 3 Cells of different types can have different chemical requirements. A) True B) False | back 3 no data |
front 4 The branch like extensions that sprout from a single nerve cell in a mammalian brain can extend over several hundred micrometers. A) True B) False | back 4 no data |
front 5 The flow of genetic information is controlled by a series of biochemical reactions that result in the production of proteins, each with its own specific order of amino acids. Choose the correct series of biochemical reactions from the options presented here. A) Replication, Transcription, Translation B) Replication, Translation, Transcription C) Translation, Transcription, Replication D) Translation, Replication, Transcription | back 5 no data |
front 6 Proteins are important architectural and catalytic components within the cell, helping to determine its chemistry, its shape, and its ability to respond to changes in the environment. Remarkably, all of the different proteins in a cell are made from the same 20 __________. By linking them in different sequences, the cell can make protein molecules with different conformations and surface chemistries, and therefore different functions. A) Nucleotides B) Sugars C) Amino Acids D) Fatty Acids | back 6 no data |
front 7 Which statement is NOT true about mutations? A) A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring less fit for survival than their parents. B) A mutation can be a result of imperfect DNA duplication. C) A mutation is a result of sexual reproduction. D) A mutation is a change in the DNA that can generate offspring that are as fit for survival as their parents are. | back 7 no data |
front 8 Changes in DNA sequence from one generation to the next may result in
offspring that are altered in fitness compared with their parents. The
process of change and selection A) mutation. B) evolution. C) heredity. D) reproduction. | back 8 no data |
front 9 Select the option that best finishes the following statement: “Evolution is a process __________.” A) that can be understood based on the principles of mutation and selection. B) that results from repeated cycles of adaptation over billions of years. C) by which all present-day cells arose from 4–5 different ancestral cells. D) that requires hundreds of thousands of years. | back 9 no data |
front 10 Select the option that correctly finishes the following statement: “A cell’s genome _________________.” A) is defined as all the genes being used to make protein. B) contains all of a cell’s DNA. C) constantly changes, depending upon the cell’s environment. D) is altered during embryonic development. | back 10 no data |
front 11 Which statement is NOT true about the events/conclusions from studies during the mid-1800s surrounding the discovery of cells? A) Cells came to be known as the smallest universal building block of living organisms. B) Scientists came to the conclusion that new cells can form
spontaneously from the C) Light microscopy was essential in demonstrating the commonalities between plant and animal tissues. D) New cells arise from the growth and division of previously existing cells. | back 11 no data |
front 12 What unit of length would you generally use to measure a typical plant or animal cell? A) centimeters B) nanometers C) millimeters D) micrometers | back 12 no data |
front 13 What uses a light microscope with an optical component to take
advantage of the different A) Confocal B) Transmission electron C) Fluorescence D) Phase-contrast E) Scanning electron F) bright-field | back 13 no data |
front 14 What employs a light microscope and requires that samples be fixed and stained in order to reveal cellular details. A) Confocal B) Transmission electron C) Fluorescence D) Phase-contrast E) Scanning electron F) bright-field | back 14 no data |
front 15 What requires the use of two sets of filters. The first filter narrows the wavelength range that reaches the specimen and the second blocks out all wavelengths that pass back up to the eyepiece except for those emitted by the dye in the sample. A) Confocal B) Transmission electron C) Fluorescence D) Phase-contrast E) Scanning electron F) bright-field | back 15 no data |
front 16 What scans the specimen with a focused laser beam to obtain a series
of two-dimensional optical sections, which can be used to reconstruct
an image of the specimen in three dimensions. The laser excites a
fluorescent dye molecule, and the emitted light from each illuminated
point is captured through a pinhole and recorded by a A) Confocal B) Transmission electron C) Fluorescence D) Phase-contrast E) Scanning electron F) bright-field | back 16 no data |
front 17 What has the ability to resolve cellular components as small as 2 nm. A) Confocal B) Transmission electron C) Fluorescence D) Phase-contrast E) Scanning electron F) bright-field | back 17 no data |
front 18 What requires coating the sample with a thin layer of a heavy metal to produce three-dimensional images of the surface of a sample. A) Confocal B) Transmission electron C) Fluorescence D) Phase-contrast E) Scanning electron F) bright-field | back 18 no data |
front 19 The nucleus of an animal cell is round, small, and difficult to distinguish using light microscopy. A) True B) False | back 19 no data |
front 20 The presence of the plasma membrane can be inferred by the well-defined boundary of the cell. A) True B) False | back 20 no data |
front 21 The cytosol is fairly empty, containing a limited number of organelles, which allows room for rapid movement via diffusion. A) True B) False | back 21 no data |
front 22 Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the __________ of light. A) absorption B) intensity C) filtering D) wavelength | back 22 no data |
front 23 What is the smallest distance two points can be separated and still resolved using light microscopy? A) 20 nm B) 0.2 μm C) 2 μm D) 200 μm | back 23 no data |
front 24 By definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess __________. A) a nucleus. B) replication machinery. C) ribosomes. D) membrane bilayers. | back 24 no data |
front 25 Although there are many distinct prokaryotic species, most have a small range of shapes, sizes, and growth rates. Which of the following characteristics are not observed in prokaryotes? A) a highly structured cytoplasm B) endoplasmic reticulum C) the ability to divide rapidly D) a cell wall | back 25 no data |
front 26 The terms “prokaryote” and “bacterium” are synonyms. A) True B) False | back 26 no data |
front 27 Prokaryotes can adopt several different basic shapes, including spherical, rod-shaped, and spiral. A) True B) False | back 27 no data |
front 28 Some prokaryotes have cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane. A) True B) False | back 28 no data |
front 29 Prokaryotic cells are able to evolve very fast, which helps them to rapidly adapt to new food sources and develop resistance to antibiotics. Which of the options below lists the three main characteristics that support the rapid evolution of prokaryotic populations? A) microscopic, motile, anaerobic B) aerobic, motile, rapid growth C) no organelles, cell wall, can exchange DNA D) large population, rapid growth, can exchange DNA | back 29 no data |
front 30 Oxygen is toxic to certain prokaryotic organisms. A) True B) False | back 30 no data |
front 31 Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from anaerobic bacteria. A) True B) False | back 31 no data |
front 32 Photosynthetic bacteria contain chloroplasts. A) True B) False | back 32 no data |
front 33 Some prokaryotes can live by utilizing entirely inorganic materials. Which of the following inorganic molecules would you predict to be the predominant building block for fats, sugars, and proteins? A) O 2 B) N 2 C) CO 2 D) H | back 33 no data |
front 34 The __________ __________ is made up of two concentric membranes and is continuous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. A) plasma membrane B) Golgi network C) mitochondrial membrane D) nuclear envelope | back 34 no data |
front 35 The nucleus, an organelle found in eukaryotic cells, confines the __________, keeping them separated from other components of the cell. A) lysosomes B) chromosomes C) peroxisomes D) ribosomes | back 35 no data |
front 36 Which of the following organelles has both an outer and an inner membrane? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) mitochondrion D) lysosome D) peroxisome | back 36 no data |
front 37 Mitochondria perform cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen, generates carbon dioxide, and produces chemical energy for the cell. Which answer below indicates a correct pairing of material “burned” and the form of energy produced during cellular respiration? A) fat, ADP B) sugar, fat C) sugar, ATP D) fat, protein | back 37 no data |
front 38 Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and
actually divide on a A) viruses. B) parasites. C) endosymbionts. D) anaerobes. | back 38 no data |
front 39 The mitochondrial proteins found in the inner membrane are involved in the conversion of ADP to ATP, a source of energy for the cell. This process consumes which of the following substances? A) oxygen B) nitrogen C) sulfur D) carbon dioxide | back 39 no data |
front 40 With respect to cellular respiration, the only organelles used by animal cells are mitochondria, while plant cells use both mitochondria and chloroplasts. A) True B) False | back 40 no data |
front 41 The number of mitochondria inside a cell remains constant over the life of the cell. A) True B) False | back 41 no data |