breakdown of organic molecules into their components
Digestion
process of chewing
Mastication
contracting waves in smooth muscles of intestines followed by relaxation
Peristalsis
Means by which molecules are moved out of the digestive tract and distributed throughout the body
absorption
act of swallowing
deglutition
mixing and churning
segmentation
"space" or room
vestibule
attachment
frenulum
"punching bag" / "grape"
uvula
arch
fauces
In the stomach the _______cells secrete HCI and the __________cells secrete pepsinogen
parietal;
Zymogenic (chief)
3 parts of the small intestine
duodnum, jejunum, ileum
What are rugae and some places they may be found
folds or ridges;
stomach, vagina, roof of mouth
3 structural manifestations of the snall intestine that increase the surface area for absorption
1-microvilli (minute projections in columnar epithelial lining)
2-villi (finger mucosatonic)
3-circular folds
The lymphoid cluster of tissue at the distal ileum is referred to as
Peyer's patches
"bulges" in the large intestines
haustra
"blebs" in the large intestines
diverticuli
Complete dental formula for deciduous (milk) teeth
2, 1,0,2,2
2, 1,0,2,2 X2;
2 incisors, 1canine, 0 premolars, 2 molars; top and bottom starting from front center and counter
Food binded together with saliva
Bolus
Food that has been processed in the stomach (resembles a creamy mass)-acidic
Chyme
5 functions of the liver
produce bile (emulsifies fat);
initial processing of nutrient rich blood;
glucose stored as glycogen-amino acids from blood used to make protein
removes debris(bacteria) from the blood;
picks uo Oxygen and nutrients in the blood
individual filtration units in the liver
Kupffer cells
Pepsinogen
concerted into pepsin which digests proteins
Hydrocholoric acid
promotes pepsin activity and kills microorganisms
Emulsification
transformation of large lipid droplets into smaller droplets by bile salts;
large lipid molecules BROKE APART into small lipids
what does a catalyst do?
increases the rate of a chemical reaction withoug becoming part of the product
What is an enzyme?
biological catalyst; protein in nature
What is a Substrate?
substance on which a catalyst works
Where are "gastric pits" found?
Stomach
Where are "clumps" of Peyer's Patches found?
Ilium
Where do you see duadenal mucas glands?
Duodenum
Produce mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestines
Duodenal glands
produce a product containing amylase that begins starch breakdown in the mouth
salivary glands
produces a whole spectrum of enzymes and an alkaline fluid that is secreted in the duodenum
Pancreas
produces bile that is secreted in the duodenum via the bile duct
liver
produces HCI and pepsinogen
gastric glands
found in mucosa of the small intestine; produces intestinal juice
intestinalcrypts
salivary gland that produces a secretion that is mainly serous
parotid gland
3structures found in the portal triad regions of the liver
bile duct
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
Where are the Kupffer cells of the liver found
sinus wall
they remove debris such as bacteria
pancreas has 2 major populations of secretory cells (islets and acinar cells) which population serves the digestive process?
acinar cells
Anus
region containing two sphincters through which feces are expelled from the body
Appendix
wormlike sac that outpockets from the cecum
esophagus
the "gullet"; no digestive/absoptive function
frenulum
membrane securing the tongue to the floor of the mouth
greater omentum, lesser omentum, mesentery
3 structures continuous with and representing modifications of the peritoneum
2 regions that break down food mechanically
oral cavity and stomach
parietal peritoneum
serous lining of the abdominal cavity wall
Peyer's patches
large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine
pharynx
lube for both air and food
pylotic valve
valve controlling food movement from the stomach into the duodenum
vestibule
area between the teeth and lips/cheeks
stomach
initiates protein digestion
3 parts of mucosa of the alimentary canal(digestive tract)
epithelium;
liminapropria
muscularis mucosae
2 muscularis parts of the alimentary canal
longitudinal muscle
circular muscle
2 serosa parts of the alimentary canal
epithelium
connective tissue
3 critical factors that influence enzyme activity
"perameters for activity"
temperature
pH
substrate concentration
What does Lugos solution test for? what color is a positive test?
LUGALS tests for STARCH
Positive is BLUE-BLACK color
What does Benedicts solution test for? What color is a positive test?
BENEDICTS tests for SUGAR (starch broke down into smaller pieces)
Positive test is GREEN-ORANGE
What does Biuret solution test for? What color is positive?
BIURETs test for PROTEINS.
Positive tests is LIGHT BLUE to VIOLET
What does Trypsin break down?
TRYPSIN breaks down PROTEINS (colorless-bright yellow);
Term that describes the conformational inactivation of a protein?
Denaturation
Why are the (enzymatic) experiments so concerned with pH?
the body wants a neutral, not acidic, substance because acid will erode the tissue
At what pH does salivary amylase work best?
7.4 low pH
At what pH does pepsin work best?
2.6 (acidic)
At what pH does Pancreatic lipase work best?
7.5-7.8
3 characteristics of an enzyme
reusable;
speeds up reaction;
not involved in the reaction
BREAKS APART 3 dimensional parts of PROTEINS
denturation
The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
Metabolism
BAPNA
used as a synthetic protein (amino acids)
The overall function of the digestive system is to breakdown or ________foodstuffs and them __________them through the GI tract
digest;
absorb
The esophageal mucosa is composed of _________ epithelium.
stratified squamous
3 manor functions of the mucosa are _ _ _
secretion
absorption
protection
taking food into the mouth
ingestion
peristalsis
propulsion
passage into blood
absorption
enzymes
chemical digestion
segmentation
mechanical digestion
What parts make up the alimentary canal-digestive tract (Mouth to anys in 9 meters long)
Esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
liver, pancreas, salivary glands, gall bladder, teeth
Characteristics of Mucosa layer of Alimentary canal...
innermost layer(where food would be traveling), connective tissue, secretion/absoption/protection
Characteristics of submucosa layer?
loose connective tissue
blood vessels, nerves (not blood) nourish surrounding layers