Which of the following conditions will cause an increase anion gap?
Renal failure
Hypoaldosteronism
hyperkalemia
Renal failure
What four groups of eletrolytes determine the anion gap?
Sodium, chloride, __________, and TCO2
Potassium
Lactate acidious, Diabetes mellitus, salicylate intoxication will all be charicterized by an increased ____________.
Anion gap
Elevated sweat chloride is associated with what disease?
Cystic fibrosis
In the blood, biocarbonate leaves the RBC and enters the plasma through exchange mechanism with what ion?
Chloride
The presence of only slightly visible hemolysis can increase the serum level of what ion?
Potassium
These conditions are associated with hyponatremia:
________ disease, Diuretic therapy,
Diarrhea
Addison's
Decreased potassium levels is called?
*may be seen in : stravation, Alkalosis, and diarrhea and vomiting
Hypokalemia
The measurement of sodium, potassium, and chloride are commonly performed in labs by __________
Ion selective electrodes (ISE)
Calculate the anion gap:
Sodium=143 mmol/L
chloride=105 mmol/L
HCO3=25 mmol/L
13 mmol/L
Increased sodium (salt) levels is called?
Seen in:
Diabetes insipidus, hyperadrenalism(cushings), dehydration
Hypernatremia
What is the normal sodium range?
135-148 mmol/L
Hyponatremia, decreased salt levels, is seen in:
Severe diarrhea, diabetes mellitus, decreased _____________ (Addison's), and edema
Aldosterone
What is the normal range for Potassium?
3.8-5.5 mmol/L
Increases in ___________ can affect heart muscle function.
Can be caused by:
Anoxia, acidosis, decreased aldosterone secretion, circulatory failure, shock, and renal failure.
Hyperkalemia.
Potassium
Chloride reference range:
98-108 mmol/L
Low Chloride can cause?
Caused by:
Diabetes, renal disease, and excess vomiting
Acidosis
Biocarbonate normal ranges are?
22-28 mmol/L
What does biocarbonate do?
It can it cause:
A change in respiration, lung disease, CNS depression, and diabetic ketosis
Maintains pH
What is the equation for anion gap?
Na-(Cl+HCO3)
What is the osmolarity equation?
(2Na)+(glu/18)+(BUN/2.8)
The liquid part of blood remaining after clot has formed, lacks fibrinogen and other clotting factors
Serum
A blood component after use of anticoagulant; is composed of water, ions, and macromolecules such as fibrinogen and other proteins.
Plamsa
What is the major intracellular cation?
Potassium
What is the major extracellular cation?
Sodium
What is the major extracellular anion?
Chloride
In a sweat chloride test: what is the sweat stimulationg done by?
Pilocarpine iontophoresis
What is the test method used for sodium, potassium, and chloride?
ISE
What are the test methods used for bicarbonate?
Serum TOTAL CO2, indirect electrode, or photometric assay
What are the 4 colligate properties of solutions?
Osmotic pressure
Vapor pressure
Freezing pt
Boiling pt
A patient with a toxic level of blood alcohol would cause an __________ in osmolal gap
Increase
Serum lacks what constituent?
Fibrinogen
A family of peptides called natiuretic peptides serves to regulate what?
Sodium and water metabolism
Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that __________ ADH secretion and ____________.
Stimulates ADH secretion and thrist
Major ions of body fluids are called__________.
Electrolytes
What is it called if blood pH falls below 7.35?
Acidosis
What three analytes are used to calculate serum osmolality?
Glucose, urea nitrogen, and sodium
_____________ and __________ measures chloride in sweat.
Coulometry and amperometry
What is the major difference between interstitial fluid and plasma?
Interstitial fluid - almost no protein
Plasma - large amount of protein
Major actions of ______________ are vasoconstriction increased, and triggers aldosterone release from adrenal glands
Angiotensin II