located in retroperitoneum posterior abdominal wall

exclusive site of plasma filtration located in outer cortex

consists of pyramid shaped tissues

apex of pyramids of medulla; contains a duct that enters a cavity

funnel urine from collecting tubules to renal pelvis

amount of urine accumulated for nerve reflex to signal an urge to urinate

Plasma ultrafiltrate -> glomerulus -> nephrons -> calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureters -> bladder -> urethra

amount of nephrons in each kidney

capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule where filtration occurs

responsible for most reabsorption

tubular portion of nephron immediately following and continuous with the proximal tubule located in the renal medulla

reabsorption and secretion of small molecules takes place in the tubules; reabsorption of water to concentrate urine

reabsorption of essential nutrients and water

percentage of total circulation kidneys receive

averages 55mm Hg (half of mean arterial blood pressure) and is driving force behind glomerular filtration

the portion filtered out of the blood by the glomerulus that runs through the tubules as essential nutrients and water are reabsorbed into the blood stream and waste is concentrated to form urine; high in water and low in protein compared to plasma

present in afferent arteriole of juxtaglomerular apparatus

released in response to decreased arterial blood pressure or volume, decreased sodium or increased potassium, or vascular hemorrhage; causes angiotensin formation and aldosterone secretion

released by the adrenal cortex and stimulated by renin to allow kidneys to reabsorb water and sodium and increase blood pressure through the distal convoluted tubule

amount of plasma filtered each day producing a final urine volume of 600-1800 mL

amount of urine produced per day in a healthy adult

largest component of urine

other principle solutes present in urine

four overall functions of the kidneys

the three main mechanisms the nephron uses in the formation of urine

amount of blood filtered by the kidneys per minute

produced in hypothalamus and released by posterior pituitary gland, opens the spaces between the cells within the tubules, allowing for the endothelium to become highly permeable to water; if not present the spaces are joined tightly

percentage of plasma filtered that results in urine

absence of urine

a significant decrease (<400mL/day) of urine

a significant amount (>3L/day) of urine

infection and inflammation of the urinary system usually the bladder

inflammation of the kidney

inflammation of the glomeruli due to immunologic, metabolic, and hereditary disorders

infection of the kidneys leading to inflammation

a disorder associated with renal disorders caused by excess protein, lipids, and edema and decreased plasma albumin

movement of water and essential nutrients (amino acids, salts, and glucose) back into the blood

movement of waste products such as creatinine through the tubules into urine

moves against a gradient, requires energy

movement from higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

normal pH range of blood

buffers that prevent pH from changing

get rid of excess or retain extra carbon dioxide (an acid)

increases or decreases H+ excretion, formation of ammonia, and reabsorption of bicarbonate

ADH when blood pressure is high leading to dilute urine

ADH when blood pressure drops leading to concentrated urine