a science that seeks to understand how people change of remain the same over time

As a science, the study of human development begins with__________ and__________ and then gathers ____________.

Researchers draw conclusions based on the __________.

confirms, modifies, or refutes the conclusions of a scientific study.

________ and _________ always interact, affected by every human characteristic.

discovered differential susceptibility- that certain genes increase or decrease the likelihood that a child will be affected by the environment.

Development is divided by three domains:

Every domain is involved in every characteristic, which makes the science of human development always _______.

The assumption that growth is linear and progress is inevitable has been replaced by the idea that ____________ and __________ are part of every life, that gains and losses are apparent at every age.

Development is:

a crucial variable in studying human development

a time when something must occur to ensure normal development or the only time when an abnormality might occur

Often a particular development can occur more easily- but not exclusively- at a particular time called:

ecological-systems approach notes that each of us is situated within larger systems of family, school, community, and culture, as well as part of a historical cohort

______ within a person, or in the context, affect all other aspects of the system.

an important influence on human development, affecting a person's opportunities, health, and even abilities at every stage

includes beliefs and patterns

refers to ancestral heritage

_____ and ______ often overlap but are not identical

a social construction, sometimes mistakenly thought to be biological

Developmentalists try to avoid the ___________. Differences may be alternate ways to think or act, not necessarily less beneficial than the familiar ways.

human development is _______; emphasizes that it is possible for brains and behaviors to change over time, although it is also true that early experiences affect later development

stress the legacy of childhood

according to _____, conflicts associated with children's erotic impulses have a lasting impact on adult personality.

______ thought that the resolution of each crisis affects later life and that new crises appear in adulthood

believe that scientists should study observable and measurable behavior; emphasizes conditioning, in which one stimulus may be associated with another (classical conditioning) or reinforcement and punishment may guide future behavior (operant conditioning).

believe that thoughts and beliefs powerfully affect attitudes, actions, and perceptions.

proposed four age-related periods of cognition

focuses on each aspect of cognitive input, processing, and output

emphasizes the potential of humankind

proposed a hierarchy of needs, which could lead to self-actualization

contends that genes have fostered survival and reproduction of the human species for tens of thousands of years; those genes continue to influence human behavior today, in alloparenting, attachment, and male/female behavior

commonly used research methods are scientific observation, the experiment, and the survey; each can provide insight and discoveries that were not apparent before the research, although no method is perfect

a challenge for developmentalists is to:

methods include cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-sequential

shows that two variables are related; however, it does not prove that one variable causes the other

crucial in all the sciences; not only must participants be protected and data kept confidential (primary concerns of IRBs), but results must be fairly reported and honestly interpreted

whether scientists are designing, conducting, analyzing, publishing, and applying the research that is most critically needed- a challenge for the next generation of developmentalists