Bio Lec FINAL Flashcards

Bacteria that produce vitamins are residents of what organ within the digestive system?

• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Pancreas
• Liver
• Large intestine

The first place of chemical digestion occurs in the mouth, what enzyme breaks down starch into maltose?

• Trypsin
• Pepsin
• Nuclease
• Lipase
• Amylase

The function of mechanical digestion is to break down large chunks of food into smaller pieces. Why is this important?

• Smaller food particles are easier to manipulate into chyme.
• Smaller food particles are more easily stored in the stomach than are larger pieces of food.
• Smaller food particles have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food.
• Smaller food particles do not taste as good as larger pieces of food.
• Smaller food particles are easier to excrete than are larger pieces of food.

True or False: Fats are absorbed directly into blood capillaries and carbohydrates are absorbed into the lacteals of the small intestine.

True or False: In humans, the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering into the trachea.

What does the digestive enzyme, trypsin break down?

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids
• All of the above

What is peristalsis?

• It is the ring of muscle found between the esophagus and the stomach.
• The ball of food that is produced when food is mixed with saliva.
• The process of transporting nutrients to the liver.
• It is the wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive system.
• The process of fat emulsification.

What is the name of the ball of food that is pushed to the back of the oral cavity during swallowing?

• Bolus
• Xylem
• Chyme
• Uvula
• Sphincter

What is the pH of the chyme in the stomach?

• Basic
• Neutral
• Acidic

What is the ring-like muscular valve that regulates the passage of materials and prevents back flow between the esophagus and the stomach called?

• Sphincter
• Semilunar valve
• Deglutition
• Bolus
• Peristalsis

What substance neutralizes chyme in the small intestine?

• Bile
• Bicarbonate
• Trypsin
• Nuclease
• Pepsin

What types of cells secrete pepsinogen?

• Goblet cells
• Osteoclasts
• Chief cells
• Mucous-secreting cells
• Parietal cells

Where does the esophagus lead to?

• Pancreas
• Lungs
• Gallbladder
• Stomach
• Liver

Where does the highest rate of nutrient absorption occur within the digestive system?

• Liver
• Large intestine
• Small intestine
• Stomach
• Oral cavity

Where is bile stored?

• Large intestine
• Liver
• Small intestine
• Gallbladder
• Pancreas

Where is feces stored within in the digestive system?

• Small intestine
• Stomach
• Colon
• Rectum
• Appendix

Which of the following enzyme(s) is produced in the pancreas?

• Nuclease
• Lipase
• Amylase
• Trypsin
• All of the above

Which of the following enzymes is incorrectly matched to its substrate?

• Trypsin - proteins
• Pepsin - carbohydrates
• Lipase - lipids
• Nucleases - nucleic acids
• Pancreatic amylase - starch

Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function?

• Liver - nucleic acid digestion
• Small intestine - feces production
• Pancreas - starch digestion
• Large intestine - bile production
• Stomach - protein digestion

Which of the following substances are produced in the liver?

• Lipase
• Trypsin
• Nuclease
• Bile
• Amylase

During cellular respiration, where is acetyl CoA is made?

• Mitochondrial matrix
• Golgi apparatus
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Stroma
• Cytosol

For every NADH that is produced in cellular respiration, how many ATP are produced?

• 3
• 7
• 9
• 2
• 4

How is the ATP generated in glycolysis?

• It is generated by photophosphorylation.
• It is generated by oxidizing NADH to NAD⁺.
• It is generated by electron transport.
• It is generated by chemiosmosis.
• It is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation.

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

• Water (H₂O) and citrate
• Pyruvate and acetyl CoA
• Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and acetyl CoA
• NADH and pyruvate
• Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O)

In cellular respiration, where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located in eukaryotes?

• Mitochondrial matrix
• Mitochondrial inner membrane
• Mitochondrial intermembrane space
• Mitochondrial outer membrane
• Mitochondria stroma

In chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + P to ATP?

• Energy is released from the movement of protons through ATP synthase, down their concentration gradient.
• Energy is released from the movement of electrons through ATP synthase, down their concentration gradient.
• Energy is released from the movement of neutrons through ATP synthase, down their concentration gradient.
• Energy is released from substrate-level phosphorylation.
• No external source of energy is required because the reaction is exergonic.

The citric acid cycle forms citrate by joining acetate to oxaloacetate. The citrate is then reduced from 6-carbons to 5-carbons to 4-carbons and then is rearranged to regenerate oxaloacetate. When citrate is reduced, what are the carbons lost as?

• CO
• CO₂
• O₂
• FADH₂
• NADPH

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

• Glycolysis
• Accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
• Chemiosmosis
• Citric acid cycle
• Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

True or False: During the formation of acetyl Co-A, pyruvate loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and then the pyruvate is oxidized to form acetate, which is then bonded to coenzyme A.

True or False: Glycolysis is described as having an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase because it uses stored ATP and produces ATP over a series of ten reactions.

True or False: The citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes.

True or False: The only type of organic molecule that can be used to produce energy during cellular respiration are carbohydrates.

What are the end products of the citric acid cycle per glucose molecule?

• 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂ and 1 ATP
• 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂ and 2 ATP
• Acetyl CoA and 2 NADH
• Glucose, 6 NADH and 1 ATP
• Pyruvate, 1 FADH₂ and 2 ATP

What do oxidation reactions cause molecules to do?

• It causes molecules to lose electrons.
• It causes molecules to gain neutrons.
• It causes molecules to gain electrons.
• It causes molecules to lose neutrons.
• It causes molecules to lose carbon dioxide.

What is the electron transport chain?

• It is driven by ATP consumption.
• It is a series of only reduction reactions.
• It is a series of redox reactions.
• It is a series of only oxidation reactions.
• It takes place in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.

What is the total amount of ATP generated in an eukaryote after chemiosmosis?

• 38
• 36
• 24
• 16
• 120

What molecules store electrons and protons during cellular respiration?

• Pyruvate and glucose
• NADPH and ATP
• NADH and FADH₂
• NADPH and FADH₂
• Glucose and acetyl CoA

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, what is the result?

• It reduces NAD⁺.
• It creates an electron gradient.
• It reduces NADP⁺.
• It creates a proton gradient.
• It creates a neutron gradient.

Where does glycolysis take place in a eukaryotic cell?

• Mitochondrial inner membrane
• Mitochondrial intermembrane space
• Mitochondrial outer membrane
• Mitochondrial matrix
• Cytosol

True or False: Anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain and uses oxygen as its final electron acceptor.

Discuss why nutrition is essential for the survival of living organisms.

Explain the four steps of food processing.

Explain the four steps of food processing.

Accessory organs: (do not directly contact with the food): These organs are ___,____,____, and ____.

____: A ball of food mixed with saliva.

_____: Bolus and gastric juice.

______: Ring of muscle that regulates the passage of food.

List the organs located in the oral cavity (primary digestive system).

Teeth: Physically break down food particles into smaller particles.

Tongue: Evaluate food that is ingested, manipulates food into bolus.

_______: Deliver saliva.

List the functions of the salivary glands.

_____: Junction of the nasal cavity and oral cavity meet the open to passage way.

_____: Leads to the stomach (food pipe). Transports food by a series wave like contractions and relaxations.

Explain the process of swallowing a bolus.

Explain the process of swallowing a bolus.

Explain the structure and function of the stomach.

Discuss the structure and function of the small intestine.

______- Carries fats.

____: Bile is produced; bile from liver travel to gallbladder.

_____: Bile is storied and concentrated then sent to small intestine and bile emulsifies here.

_____: Produces alkaline solutions and enzymes and sends materials to small intestine.

Amylase -->

Trypsin -->

Lipase -->

Nuclase -->

______: The buffer that neutralizes acidic chime.

____: Emulsifier of fat; break apart fat droplets into smaller droplets.

_____: The second part of small intestine; absorption of nutrients of H2O.

Explain the structure and function of the large intestine.

____: contains WBCs and good bacteria immunity helps to protect against bad bacteria; regulate intestinal development; make vitamins (k, folic acid and biotin).

____: where feces eliminated (sphincters regulated).

Discuss the regulation of the digestive system.

Discuss the regulation of the digestive system.

______: Regulated by the amount of energy- rich molecules ingested.

_____: Example: Insulin and glucagon.

____: Bring glucose to cells for use or store glucose as glycogen in liver and muscles.

_____: Chemical messengers.

List and describe the structural components of viruses.

____- Nucleic acid.

_____- DNA or RNA double stranded or single stranded helical, linear or circular single molecule or multiple molecules.

_____- Protein coat.

_____ do not contain machinery for DNA replication, transcriptions, translation, metabolism.

_____ can’t make their own proteins and energy.

Viral Structure ____- Each viral type had variation in the type of nucleic acid and type of protein that make up capsid.

Smaller subunits that makeup capsid called ______.

A virus can have 1 type _____ or many types.

Virus shapes can be:

Glycoprotein- Identification of virus.

Bacteriophages or phages are the _____ of all viruses and they have to alternative reproductive mechanisms

The virus that infects bacteria:

Explain why viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.

Describe the structure of a viroid:

Describe the structure of a Prion:

Write the summary equation for photosynthesis.

_____: Process that convert solar energy into chemical energy (ATP to NADPH) and use it alone with CO2 to produce sugar.

Describe the structure of leaves and the chloroplast, listing all membranes and compartments:

____: occur in plants in leaves (major site); can occur in any part of plant that is green and site of photosynthesis.

_____: Contain chloroplasts.

____: Contains xylem and phloem.

___: Carries sugar in any direction.

_______: Surround stomata, regulate opening. Openings that allow for gases to enter and exit.

Describe the structure of chloroplast:

______: Space between inner and outer membrane.

_____: 3^rd membrane system flattened membrane sacs, contain pigments and absorb light.

____: Stacks of thylakoids.

____: Semi-fluid environment found in chloroplast where DNA and ribosomes located.

Describe the two main stages of photosynthesis in general terms.

____: electron carrier. The light reaction occurs in thylakoids and the process requires H2O and the release of O2.

Describe the relationship between pigments and the absorption spectrum (wavelengths of light).

_____: Absorb a specific region of the electromagnetic spectrum and that region is visible light spectrum.

Electromagnetic spectrum: Entire range of electromagnetic energies.

_____: any form of energy that travels in a wave.

______: What the human eye sees as color. ROYGBIV

List the components of a photosystem and explain the function of each component.

______: Broaden spectra of light that can absorbed (absorb wavelengths that chlorophyll A cannot. Absorbs excessive visible light which protect chlorophyll A and B from damage.

Trace the movement of electrons during the light reactions in both photosystems I and photosystem II.

_____: Collection of chlorophyll molecules and other pigments and proteins in the thylakoid membrane.

Compare and contrast the events of photosystem I and photosystem II.

Compare and contrast the events of photosystem I and photosystem II.

State the function of each of the Calvin cycle.

State the three phases of the Calvin cycle.

____: Enzyme that catalyzes reaction.

Energy- Energy flows into an ecosystem as light energy and leaves the ecosystem as heat.

_____- Chemicals are recycled (reused).

_____- Uses solar energy, CO2, H2O to make organic molecules and O2. Occurs in chloroplast in plants.

______- a catabolic pathway that break downs organic molecules and releases energy. Is an exergonic process, set of exergonic reactions which means additional energy is not needed to make them occur because the reactants have a higher energy content than the products.

Describe the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

Write the summary equation for cellular respiration.

___ (C6H12O6) - is the model molecule for cellular respiration because it goes through every step of the process of cellular respiration. Has a lot of stored energy in the bonds in atoms which makes it a high energy reactant.

____- Oxygen (O2) is a required reactant for cellular respiration.

____- when something requires oxygen (O2).

____- are low energy reactants.

____- is made in the form of ATP. Which powers cell work and releases heat.

_____ is a series of redox reactions which relies on oxidation and reduction to occur.

____- occurs when an electron is lost.

_____- occurs when an electron is gained. Which decreases positive charge.

Most of the time ____ and ____ are coupled (go hand and hand) which is why they are called redox reactions.

When _____move from an atom with a lower electronegativity to a higher electronegativity a release of chemical energy occurs.

______- is a process that occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells within the cytosol and does not require oxygen.

Explain the starting and ending materials and general steps of glycolysis.

Energy Investment Phase- (____ phase of glycolysis)

Steps of the Energy Investment Phase:

Energy Payoff Phase (___ phase of glycolysis)

Steps of the Energy Payoff Phase:

The end result of Glycolysis-

______- a method of making small amounts of ATP in glycolysis and Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle). An enzyme removes a phosphate group from an intermediate (substrate) in one of the two chemical reactions glycolysis and Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) and adds it to ADP, forming ATP and a product.

Examples of electron carriers:

_____- an organic molecule that stores electrons and protons (stored energy) for oxidative phosphorylation (later process in cell respiration).

Describe the role of NAD+ and FADH+ in cellular respiration.