Lab Final (Fall/2017) Flashcards

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1

Define Cytokinesis:

Physical distribution of cytoplasmic material into daughter cells.

2

Cytokineses in animals is called ______ and in plants is called______.

Animals = Cleavage Furrow

Plants = Cell Plate Formation

3

Describe Eukaryotic Cell Division:

  • Creation of new cells from pre-existing cells
  • A parent cell divides into two new cells called daughter cells
  • Daughter cells are identical to the parent cell

4

What are the key roles of cell division?

  • Growth and development
  • Repair
  • Replacement and regeneration

5

Cell division in plants occurs where?

In areas of growth.

Meristems (stems and roots)

6

Animal cell division occurs where?

Throughout the organism, no specific region.

7

Humans have ____ unduplicated chromosomes (prior to DNA replication)

46

8

But, each chromosome has gained a sister chromatid (identical) = ____ sister chromatids

92

9

What are the steps of Interphase of the cell cycle?

  • Interphase
  • Gap 1 (G1)
  • Synthesis (S)
  • Gap 2 (G2)

10

What are the steps in the cell cycle?

  • Interphase: Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), Gap 2 (G2)
  • Mitosis/Karyokinesis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
  • Cytokinesis

11

List what happens to the cell when in Interphase:

  • Nuclear membrane present, nucleoli visible
  • Chromosomes not visible; appear as chromatin (a diffuse network of DNA molecules)
  • DNA molecules replicate (during S period)
  • Energy generated for division process
  • Organelles replicated

12

List what happens durning prophase of mitosis:

  • Nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear
  • Chromosomes condense and are now visible
  • Sister chromatids have adjoined at the centromere
  • Spindle fibers form and connect to chromosomes at centromeres

13

List what happens during Metaphase of Mitosis.

  • Chromosomes are aligned in middle or equatorial plane (metaphase plate)

14

List what happens durning telophase of Mitosis:

  • Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles
  • Spindles degenerate
  • Nuclear membrane and nucleoli reappear
  • Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin
  • Cytokinesis begins

15

List the four types of tissues:

Epithelial, Nervous, Connective and Muscle.

16

Hoe many layers are in simple squamous epithelium?

one layer

17

How many layers are in stratified columnar epithelium?

2 or more layers.

18

How many layers are in pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

One layer, although it appears to have more than one. Pseu means false.

19

What is the shape of simple squamous epithelium?

Flattened

20

What shape is the nucelous of simple cuboidal epithelium?

cube-shaped

21

_____ tissues make excellent barriers due to closely packed cells.

epithelial tissue

22

_____ tissues cover body surfaces, form glands, line hollow organs, body cavities and ducts.

epithelial tissue

23

Which tissue has no blood vessels.

epithelial tissue.

24

Which tissues is Innervated (connect to the nervous system)?

epithelial tissues

25

In which type of tissue will you see regenerative (worn out/dead cells are continually replaced)?

epithelial tissues

26

In which tissue are cells anchored b a basement membrane on one side and free on the other side?

epithelial tissues

27

Name the shape of a columnar epithelial tissue:

column shape

28

Which type of tissue is located in air sacs of lungs, lining of blood vessels, serous membranes?

simple squamous epithelium

29

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

Filtration, diffusion and exchange of materials.

30

Which tissues is located in the lining of kidney tubules and glands?

simple, cuboidal epithelium.

31

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

absorption and secretion

32

Which tissue is located in the digestive track from stomach to rectum?

Simple columnar epithelium.

33

What is the function of the simple columnar epithelium?

absorption and secretion.

34

What tissue is located in the respiratory tract?

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (ciliated).

35

What is the function of pseudostratifed columar epithelium?

Secretion

36

What tissue is located in the epidermis, lining of openings?

Stratified squamous epithelium (nonkeratinized).

37

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium (nonkaratinized)?

Protection.

38

Which tissue is located in the urnary, bladder and urters?

Transitional epithelium.

39

What is the function of transitional epithelium ttissue?

Allows for stretching.

40

Connective tissue is composed of three things which are:

Cell, Ground substance

41

What tissue wraps around organs ("packing material")?

Areolar connective tissue.

42

What is Areolar connective tissues function?

connects and cushions areas of the body

43

Which tissue is located subcutaneous layer, breast, abdomen and hips, around kidneys and behind eyeballs?

Adipose connective tissue

44

What is the function of Adipose connective tissue?

insulation, energy storage, organ protection

45

Which tissue is located in ligaments, tendons, aponeuroses?

Regular collagenous connective tissue

46

What is the function of Regular collagenous
connective tissue?

provides flexible attachments to bone and/or muscle

47

Which tissue is located shafts of long bones and outer margin of bones?

Compact bone

48

What is the function of compact bone tissue?

supports and protects, provides attachment points for muscles,

stores calcium, site of blood cell formation

49

Where are Osteocytes located in compact bone tissue?

Within lacunae.

50

Which tissue is located at the tip of nose, ends of long bones and ribs, joints, larynx, trachea, bronchi

*most of embryonic skeleton is hyaline cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage

51

What is the function of Hyaline Cartilage?

flexibility, support, provides smooth surfaces for movements at joints – reduces friction

52

______)- most abundant, deliver oxygen to body cells, remove carbon dioxide from body cells; lack a nucleus, undergo enucleation as hemoglobin (transports oxygen) fills in the cell

RBCs (erthrocytes)

53

_____- largest, phagocytosis, immunity, allergic reactions

WBCs (leukocytes)

54

_____-cell fragments, participates in blood clotting

Platelets

55

Blood is located where?

within blood vessels

56

Blood contains?

plasma (liquid matrix) and formed elements

57

What are the three formed elements of blood?

RBCs, WBCs, Platelets.

58

Another name for RBC is?

erythrocytes

59

Another name for WBC is?

leukocytes

60

Muscle tissue is composed of?

Muscle fibers, cells and protein fibers called actin and myosin.

61

Muscle tissue allows for_____.

movement

62

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac.

63

What is the appearance of skeletal muscle?

Long, cylindrical cells, multinucleate, striated fibers

64

Where is the skeletal muscle located?

attached top bones.

65

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

voluntary movement.

66

What is the appearance of cardiac muscle?

branched cells, uninucleate, striated fibers and intercalated discs

67

Where is the location if cardiac muscle?

Heart

68

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

involuntary movement

69

Where is the location of smooth muscle?

walls of hollow organs and vessels

70

What is the appearance of a smooth muscle?

spindle-shaped cells, uninucleate, lacks striations

71

What is the function of the smooth muscle?

involuntary movement; propel/move substances

72

The location of nervous tissue?

brain, spinal cord, nerves.

73

What is the function of nervous tissue?

detect changes in body and responds by generating nerve impulses.

74

What are the two major cell types of nervous tissue?

Neurons (nerves cells) and neuroglia.

75

What is the function of Neurons (nerve cells) of Nervous tissue?

possess electrical excitability

76

What is the function of Neuroglia of Nervous tissue?

support cells

77

By what structure are two sister chromatids held together?

  • cell plate
  • nucleosome
  • centriole
  • centromere

centromere

78

DNA replication takes place during which phase of the cell cycle?

  • Metaphase
  • Telophase
  • Prophase
  • Anaphase
  • Interphase

Interphase

79

During which phase of the cell cycle does the mitotic spindle form?

  • Prophase
  • Anaphase
  • Interphase
  • Telophase
  • Metaphase

Prophase

80

During which phase of the cell cycle does the mitotic spindle break down and the nuclear envelope reforms?

  • Telophase
  • Interphase
  • Anaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Prophase

Telophase

81

How many sister chromatids are there as a result of DNA replication?

  • 23
  • 92
  • 46
  • 138

92

82

True or False: When animal cells undergo cytokinesis, they form a cleavage furrow.

True

83

Functions in absorption and secretion and is located in the digestive tract.

  • A. Smooth muscle
  • B. Hyaline cartilage
  • C.Stratified squamous epithelium
  • D.Simple columnar epithelium

D. Simple columnar epithelium

84

Functions in flexibility, support, and provides smooth surfaces for movements at joints, and is located at the ends of long bones and the tip of the nose.

  • A. Smooth muscle
  • B. Hyaline cartilage
  • C.Stratified squamous epithelium
  • D.Simple columnar epithelium

B. Hyaline cartilage

85

Functions in involuntary movement and propels substances in the walls of hollow organs and vessels.

  • A. Smooth muscle
  • B. Hyaline cartilage
  • C.Stratified squamous epithelium
  • D.Simple columnar epithelium

A. Smooth muscle

86

Functions in protection and is located in the epidermis.

  • A. Smooth muscle
  • B. Hyaline cartilage
  • C.Stratified squamous epithelium
  • D.Simple columnar epithelium

C.Stratified squamous epithelium

87

Connective tissue matrix is composed of:

  • protein fibers only
  • protein fibers and ground substance
  • ground substance only
  • cells

protein fibers and ground substance